GENERIC RESILIENCE INDICATORS OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES

Abstract The capacity of critical infrastructure is one of the main components for infrastructure resilience. By improving the capacity increased resilience, and reduce the risks and impacts. There are several dimensions of resilience that need to be taken into consideration when trying to achieve a holistic approach for infrastructure resilience. One of this components anyway are the resilience parameters: anticipation, absorption, coping, restoration and adaptation. These parameters correspond to the critical infrastructure capacities and are a possible way to quantifying these capacities, with appropriate measurable resilience indicators. This paper presenting a list and description of possible generic resilience indicators, that are the same for all type of hazard and all type of critical infrastructure. This work is the result of scientific research in the EU-CIRCLE project, that is financed through the Horizon 2020 program of the European Union

Istraživanje definitivne obrade kompozitnih restauracija - SEM studija

Proper finishing and polishing of composite restaurations are procedures that enhance the quality of restorations and reduce plaque accumulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate with SEM analysis the effect of different polishing methods and instruments of composite surface after polishing. We used different instruments for finishing and polishing: carbide tungsten burs, diamond fissural burs, steel fissural burs, Lo-Flex Pop On discs, Sof-Lex Pop On discs, Hawe rubber cups, gray rubber cups, green rubber cups, polishing strips, polishing pastes. The results we obtained showed that the most efficient polishing of composite restorations was achieved after treatment with Sof-Lex discs, rubber cups and pastes. Treatment with carbide tungsten burs, was the least effective, producing the lowest smoothness of composite surface.Pravilna definitivna obrada kompozitnih ispuna obezbeđuje kvalitetne restauracije i znatno smanjuje akumulaciju plaka na njima. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se SEM-om ispita efekat različitih tehnika za poliranje na površinu kompozita tokom definitivne obrade ispuna. Ispitivani su različiti rotirajući instrumenti i sredstva za finiranje i poliranje: tungsten karbidna svrdla, dijamantska fisurna svrdla, čelična fisurna svrdla, Lo-Flex Pop On diskovi, Sof-Lex Pop On diskovi, Hawe gumice, sive i zelene gumice, polirajuće trake i paste za poliranje. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je najkvalitetnija definitivna obrada kompozitnih ispuna ostvarena posle primene Sof-Lex diskova u kombinaciji sa polirajućim gumicama i pastama, a najmanje efikasna pri obradi istih tungsten karbidnim svrdlima

Primena MTA kao apeksnog čepa u opturaciji kanala korena zuba - in vitro studija

Introduction Prognosis of endodontically treated tooth is directly correlated to the quality of apical obturation. Modern concept of endodontics in particular way points out the quality of apical filling. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of root canal obturation with MTA apical plug using the method of gas (argon) penetration. Material and Methods Sixty-six freshly extracted single rooted (single canal) teeth were divided into the two experimental (30 teeth) and one control group (6). All canals were instrumented using hand and rotary files in step-back technique and copious irrigation of 1%NaOCl. In the first experimental group teeth were obturated using different sealers: Gutta Flow (Roeko), AH Plus (DeTrey), Acroseal (Septodont) and mono gutta-percha cone (10 canals each). In the second experimental group obturation involved 3 mm of MTA-Angelus apical plug while the remaining canal space was filled with the same three sealers as in the first group. The rate of gas permeability by Leak detector-Edwards LD 416 was measured in all teeth. Results The best seal was found in teeth obturated with Gutta Flow and MTA plug with average diffusion rate of 264.4 sec while the worst quality of obturation was found with Acroseal (178.5 sec-the highest gas permeability). All samples with MTA plug exhibited significantly lower leakage than the samples filled without MTA apical plug. Conclusion Root canals filled with MTA apical plug exhibited statistically significant lower gas permeability in comparison to the ones filled with sealer and guttapercha cones only.Uvod Prognoza uspeha endodontski treatiranih zuba je u direktnoj korelaciji sa kvalitetom opturisanog endodontskog prostora. Savremena koncepcija endodontskog tretmana poseban akcenat stavlja na kvalitet preparacije i opturacije apeksnog dela kanala. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se metodom merenja gasne propustljivosti (argona) proveri kvalitet opturacije kanala korena zuba nakon primene mineral-trioksid agregata (MTA) kao apeksnog čepa. Materijal i metod U istraživanje je uključeno 66 jednokorenskih-jednokanalskih zuba razvrstanih u dve grupe (po 30 zuba), dok je šest zuba korišćeno kao kontrola. Preparacija svih kanala je urađena ručnim instrumentima i primenom step-back tehnike uz obilnu irigaciju 1% NaOCl. U prvoj grupi zuba je opturacija realizovana silerima uz pomoć gutaperka konusa Gutta Flow-Roeko (10), AH Plus-DeTrey (10) i Acroseal-Septodont (10). Drugu grupu su činili zubi kod kojih je u apeksnom delu kanala aplikovan MTA, a potom su kanali ispunjeni primenom tri silera kao u prvoj grupi. Svi zubi iz obe grupe su podvrgnuti metodi merenja brzine gasne propustljivosti pomoću aparata Argon Leak Detector, Edwards LD 416. Rezultati Najbolju hermetičnost su pokazali uzorci kanala ispunjeni primenom Gutta Flow+MTA sa prosečnom brzinom (264,4 sek.), a najslabiji kvalitet opturacije sa Acroseal silerom (najveća gasna propustljivost 178,5 sek.). Svi uzorci druge grupe sa MTA čepom su pokazali statistički značajno manju propustljivost nego oni u prvoj grupi sa silerom i gutaperkom bez MTA čepa. Zaključak Opturacija kanala sa postavljenim MTA apeksnim čepom pokazala je značajno manju propustljivost gasa u poređenju sa uzorcima ispunjenim endodontskim silerom i gutaperka konusima

Multi-criteria analysis of soil pollution by heavy metals in the vicinity of the Copper Smelting Plant in Bor (Serbia)

This study highlights the consequences on soil pollution of one hund­red years of manufacturing in the Copper Mining and Smelting Complex RTB-Bor (Serbia). Soil sediments were taken via a probe from the surface layer of the soil at twelve different measuring points. The measuring points were all within 20 km of the smelting plant, which included both urban and rural zones. Soil sampling was performed using a soil core sampler in such way that a core of a soil of radius 5 cm and depth of 30 cm was removed. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed for pH and heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, As, Cd, Mn, Ni and Hg) using different spectrometric methods. The obtained results for the heavy metal contents in the samples show high values: 2,540 mg kg-1 Cu; 230 mg kg-1 Pb; 6 mg kg-1 Cd; 530 mg kg-1 Ni; 1,300 mg kg-1 Mn; 260 mg kg-1 As and 0.3 mg kg-1 Hg. In this study, critical zones of polluted soil were iden­tified and ranked according to their metal contents by the multi-criteria deci­sion method Preference Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation/Geo­metrical Analysis for Interactive Assistance – PROMETHEE/GAIA, which is the preferred multivariate method commonly used in chemometric studies. The ranking results clearly showed that the most polluted zones are at locations holding the vital functions of the town. Therefore, due to the high bioavail­abi­lity of heavy metals through com­plex reactions with organic species in the sediments, consequences for human health could drastically emerge if these metals enter the food chain

Kvalitet analgezije nakon hirurškog vađenja donjih umnjaka - randomizovana, duplo slepa studija efikasnosti levobupivakaina, bupivakaina i lidokaina sa adrenalinom

Background/Aim. Surgical extraction of lower third molars is followed by mild or severe postoperative pain which peaks at maximal intensity in the first 12 hours and has a significant impact on a patient's postoperative quality of life. The use of long-acting local anaesthetics is a promising strategy to improve postoperative analgesia. The aim of the present study was to investigate analgesic parameters and patient satisfaction after using 0.5% levobupivacaine (Lbup), 0.5% bupivacaine (Bup) and 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:80,000 (Lid + Epi) for an inferior alveolar nerve block following lower third molar surgery. Methods. A total of 102 patients (ASA I) were divided into three groups, each of which received either 3 mL of Lbup, Bup or Lid + Epi. The intensity of postoperative analgesia was measured using a verbal rating scale (VRS). The total amounts of rescue analgesics were recorded on the first and during seven postoperative days. Patients satisfaction was noted using a modified verbal scales. Results. A significantly higher level of postoperative pain was recorded in Lid + Epi group compared to Bup and Lbup groups. No significant differences were seen between Bup and Lbup, but a significant reduction in the need for rescue analgesics was seen postoperatively in both Lbup and Bup (50%) in comparison with Lid + Epi (80%) in the first 24 hours. The same significant trend in rescue analgesic consumption was recorded for seven postoperative days. Patients' overall satisfaction was significantly lower for Lid + Epi (10%) than for Lbup (56%) and Bup (52%). Conclusion. The use of a new and long-acting local anaesthetic 0.5% levobupivacaine is clinically relevant and effective for an inferior alveolar nerve block and postoperative pain control after third molar surgery. In our study Lbup and Bup controlled postoperative pain more efficiently after lower third molar surgery compared to Lid + Epi.Uvod/Cilj. Hirurško vađenje donjih impaktiranih umnjaka praćeno je bolom umerenog do jakog intenziteta, sa maksimalnim intenzitetom tokom prvih 12 sati, koji ima značajan uticaj na kvalitet života pacijenata u postoperativnom periodu. Upotreba dugodelujućih lokalnih anestetika predstavlja obećavajuću strategiju za poboljšanje postoperativne analgezije. Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispitaju analgeticki parametri i zadovoljstvo pacijenata postignutom analgezijom u postoperativnom periodu nakon primene 0,5% levobupivakaina (Lbup), 0,5% bupivakaina (Bup) i 2% lidokaina sa epinefrinom (1: 80,000) (Lid + Epi) za sprovodnu anesteziju donjeg alveolarnog nerva prilikom hirurškog vađenja donjih umnjaka. Metode. Ukupno 102 pacijenta (ASA I) bila su podeljena u tri grupe u zavisnosti od primljenog anestetika: 3 mL Lbup, 3 mL Bup ili 3 mL Lid + Epi. Intenzitet postoperativne analgezije registrovan je primenom verbalne rangirajuće skale (VRS). Zabeležena je ukupna količina primenjenih analgetika nakon prvog i sedmog postoperativnog dana. Zadovoljstvo pacijenata ocenjivano je na osnovu modifikovanih verbalnih skala. Rezultati. Značajno jači intenzitet postoperativnog bola zabeležen je u grupi Lid + Epi, u poređenju sa grupama Lbup i Bup. Značajno smanjenje potrebe za analgeticima u postoperativnom periodu zabeleženo u grupama Lbup i Bup (50%) u poređenju sa grupom Lid + Epi (80%) nakon 24 časa. Značajno smanjenje potrebe za postoperativnim analgeticima u grupama Lbup i Bup zabeleženo je i nakon 7 dana. Potpuno zadovoljstvo pacijenata postignutom analgezijom bilo je značajno slabije u grupi Lid + Epi (10%) u poređenju sa grupama Lbup (56%) i Bup (52%). Zaključak. Upotreba novog dugodelujućeg lokalnog anestetika 0,5% levobupivakaina klinički je relevantna i efikasna za sprovodnu anesteziju donjeg alveolarnog nerva i kontrolu postoperativnog bola nakon hirurškog vađenja donjih umnjaka. U našoj studiji Lbup i Bup bili su efikasniji u kontroli postoperativnog bola nakon hirurškog vađenja donjih umnjaka u poređenju sa Lid + Epi

Mitral valve endocarditis – how to treat a non-cooperating patient

Introduction: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are gram-positive cocci which are common inhabitants of the skin. Infections are usually associated with intravascular catheters, artificial heart valves, vascular grafts and prosthetic joints.1,2 We herein present the case of 44-year-old female who presented with an aggressive form of infective endocarditis involving the mitral valve following a central venous catheter due to infection with CoNS. Case report: 44-year-old female patient presented with end stage renal disease of unknown origin has been hospitalized for the first day of hemodialysis. At the arrival she was febrile (38 degrees Celsius), with chills and extremely messy place of the temporary non-tunneled jugular catheter insertion. Laboratory findings showed highly elevated inflammatory parameters and chest X-ray was normal. Blood cultures were taken, and because of basic suspicion of catheter-related infections, it was extracted and directed to a microbiological analysis which pointed coagulase negative Staphylococci infection vancomycin-sensitive. Meanwhile, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography was performed and vegetation on mitral valve, measured 8x12mm was detected. Despite antimicrobial therapy, patient was febrile, and infection was uncontrolled, and vegetation was of impressive size. CT scan of abdomen and brain were negative to abscess or embolization, so tertiary center was contacted and further observation at the clinic was indicated, but patient refused it. Fortunately, in the control interval the vegetation began to decrease (up to 8x9 mm), the patient became afebrile and insisted on leaving the hospital. Therapy continued during regular hemodialysis up to a complete of 6 weeks. After treatment, control transesophageal echocardiography shows residual changes of mitral valve vegetation accompanied smaller mitral regurgitation, and hemodialysis flow properly. Conclusion: A vegetation size larger than 10 mm accompanied with uncontrolled infection in the absence of developed complications is cutoff for consideration of operative treatment. We rarely count on patient noncompliance, but these patients are special challenge for treatment both in reference centers and in county hospitals

CONNECTION BETWEEN MARKETING CAMPAIGNS DIRECTED AT CHILDREN AND COMPANY CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Društveno dogovorno poslovanje (DOP) u suvremenome poslovanju sve više postaje alat tvrtkama za diferenciranje u odnosu na konkurenciju, stjecanje konkurentske prednosti te izgradnju imidža poželjnoga poslodavca i ponuditelja roba i usluga. Mnoge tvrtke društveno odgovorno poslovanje u praksi često povezuju sa sponzorstvima i donacijama, a puno rjeđe s cjelokupnim poslovanjem (odnos prema zaposlenicima, kupcima, drugim dionicima, utjecaj na okoliš, politiku zapošljavanja ili poštivanje ljudskih prava). Upravo zato potrebno je postići sinergiju među tvrtkama, medijima i potrošačima pri čemu tvrtke trebaju biti iskrene, etične i odgovorne, mediji posvećuju pažnju sadržaju koji čine dostupnim, a potrošači uzimaju u obzir sve segmente pojedinoga proizvoda pri odabiru. Autori će u ovome radu prikazati povezanost marketinških kampanja i društveno odgovornoga poslovanja tvrtke, posebno u segmentu kampanja koje se obraćaju djeci kao najmanje zaštićenomu i najmanje kritičnomu dijelu medijske publike. Osim toga, prikazat će kako se, unatoč zakonom reguliranim pravilima o tržišnome komuniciranju kojih bi se trebali pridržavati marketinški stručnjaci i mediji, ta pravila krše posebno kada je riječ o djeci te koje su negativne posljedice takvih marketinških kampanja. Uz primjere i iskustva iz drugih zemalja, autori će na primjerima marketinških kampanja usmjerenih na djecu u Hrvatskoj dati osvrt i na domaća iskustva. Na primjeru nekoliko tvrtki bit će prikazan pokušaj utjecaja na najmlađu populaciju te će biti navedeni rezultati provedenih istraživanja koji pokazuju u kojoj je mjeri učinkovit i dugoročno štetan ili koristan utjecaj marketinga na djecuCorporate social responsibility (CSR) in contemporary business operations are increasingly becoming a tool used by companies for differentiation compared to the competition, gaining a competitive advantage and building an image of a desirable employer and supplier of goods and services. Many companies often in practice associate corporate social responsibility with sponsorships and donations, and less often with overall business operations (relations with employees, customers, other stakeholders, impact on the environment, employment policy or respecting human rights). It is precisely for this reason that it is necessary to achieve a synergy between companies, media and consumers, whereby companies create honest, ethical and responsible companies, media dedicate attention to the content that they make available, and consumers take into consideration all of the segments of a specific product during selection. In this paper, the authors will show the connection between marketing campaigns and corporate social responsibility in companies, especially in the segment of campaigns directed at children as the least protected and critical part of the media audience. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated how, despite the legally regulated rules on market communication that marketing experts and media must follow, these rules are often broken, especially when in question are children and the negative consequences of such marketing campaigns. In addition to examples and experiences of other countries concerning marketing campaigns directed at children in Croatia, the authors shall provide an overview of domestic experiences. On the example of a few companies, shown will be their attempt to influence the youngest population, and the findings of conducted research will be provided, showing to what extent the effects of marketing on children are effective and damaging or beneficial long-term

Uporedna imunohistohemijska i kvantitativna analiza ćelija zapaljenskog infiltrata kod simptomatskih i asimptomatskih hroničnih periapeksnih lezija

Background/Aim. It has been demonstrated that lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes represent the predominant cells of the inflammatory lesion of the dental granulomas. Other cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells comprise minor, but functionally important cell populations. Most of the data considering cells that take part in these processes have been derived from immunohistological studies. This study was undertaken with the aim to determine the phenotype profile of inflammatory cells of dental granulomas using immunohistochemical method in order to study the differences of their quantitative properties and distribution between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions. Methods. The material for the analysis originated from 42 individuals with clinic and radiographic diagnosis of chronic periapical lesions. The tissue was take either during the periradicular surgery, or tooth extraction. Cryostat tissue sections were stained using the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase assay (APAAP). This method is highly valid and sensitive using a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD38, CD14, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, CD45 and CD123. Results. The composition of the cell population revealed that there was no homogenous and site-specific pattern of the distribution of inflammatory cells. The results of our investigation revealed that the majority of inflammatory cells comprised lymphocytes and plasma cells, followed by subpopulations CD4+, CD8+ and CD14+ cells. Much lower in number were CD80+, CD86+ and CD83+ and CD1a+ cells. There were no statistically significant differences in mean values of inflammatory cells number between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions, with the exception of CD86+ cells, the number of which was statistically higher in symptomatic lesions. Conclusion. Inflammatory infiltrate cells in dental granulomas are dominated by T- and Blymphocytes. It points out the complexity of immunopathogenic events in imitiating and progressing of dental granulomas that involve mechanisms of both cellular and humoral immunity. Regarding the quantitative presence of immunocompetent cells in symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions no statistically significant difference was determined unless in mature dendritic cells present in symptomatic lesions.Uvod/Cilj. Rezultati ranijih imunohistohemijskih studija pokazali su da su najbrojnije ćelije u hroničnim periapeksnim lezijama limfociti, plazmociti, makrofagi i neutrofilni granulociti, dok ostale ćelije, pre svega mastociti, eozinofilni granulociti i dendritske ćelije predstavljaju manje, ali funkcionalno značajne ćelijske populacije. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se korišćenjem relevantne imunohistohemijske metode determiniše fenotipski profil ćelija zapaljenskog infiltrata dentalnih granuloma, kao i da se odrede razlike u kvantitativnim odnosima i distribuciji ćelija između simptomatskih i asimptomatskih hroničnih periapeksnih lezija. Metode. Materijal za analizu dobijen je od 42 bolesnika sa kliničkom i radiografskom dijagnozom hronične periapeksne lezije. Tkivo je uzeto tokom periradikulne hirurške intervencije ili ekstrakcije zuba. Metoda primenjena na smrznutim isečcima bila je alkalna fosfatazaantialkalna fosfataza (APAAP). Korišćen je panel monoklonskih antitela: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD38, CD14, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, CD45 i CD123. Rezultati. Rezultati analize pokazali su da nije postojalo homogeno područje zapaljenja, predodređeno da bude infiltrisano određenim tipom zapaljenskih ćelija. Utvrdili smo da su najbrojnije ćelije zapaljenskog infiltrata bili limfociti i plazmociti, zatim CD4+, CD8+ i CD14+, dok je broj CD80+, CD86+ i CD83+ i CD1a+ ćelija bio znatno manji. Srednje vrednosti broja zapaljenskih ćelija nisu pokazivale statistički značajne razlike između grupe simptomatskih i asimptomatskih periapeksnih lezija, osim CD86+ ćelija, čiji je broj bio statistički značajno veći u grupi simptomatskih lezija. Zaključak. Među ćelijama zapaljenskog infiltrata u dentalnim granulomima dominiraju T i B limfociti. To ukazuje na kompleksnost imunopatogenetskih zbivanja u inicijalnoj fazi i progresiji dentalnih granuloma u koje su uključeni mehanizmi celularnog i humoralnog imuniteta. U pogledu kvantitativne zastupljenosti imunokompetentnih ćelija u simptomatskim i asimptomatskim lezijama nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika, osim u pogledu zrelih dendritskih ćelija koje su bile zastupljenije kod simptomatskih lezija