MOESM1 of Cholesterol remnants and triglycerides are associated with decreased myocardial function in patients with type 2 diabetes

Additional file 1: Table S1. Echocardiographic characteristics of all patients and patients receiving statin therapy. Table S2. Structural changes in relation to log2(LDL cholesterol). Table S3. Echocardiographic findings in patients without known coronary heart disease, n = 762. Table S4. Echocardiographic findings in patients with known coronary heart disease, n = 162

Availability, diversification and versatility explain human selection of introduced plants in Ecuadorian traditional medicine

<div><p>Globally, a majority of people use plants as a primary source of healthcare and introduced plants are increasingly discussed as medicine. Protecting this resource for human health depends upon understanding which plants are used and how use patterns will change over time. The increasing use of introduced plants in local pharmacopoeia has been explained by their greater abundance or accessibility (<i>availability hypothesis</i>), their ability to cure medical conditions that are not treated by native plants (<i>diversification hypothesis</i>), or as a result of the introduced plants’ having many different simultaneous roles (<i>versatility hypothesis</i>). In order to describe the role of introduced plants in Ecuador, and to test these three hypotheses, we asked if introduced plants are over-represented in the Ecuadorian pharmacopoeia, and if their use as medicine is best explained by the introduced plants’ greater availability, different therapeutic applications, or greater number of use categories. Drawing on 44,585 plant-use entries, and the checklist of >17,000 species found in Ecuador, we used multi-model inference to test if more introduced plants are used as medicines in Ecuador than expected by chance, and examine the support for each of the three hypotheses above. We find nuanced support for all hypotheses. More introduced plants are utilized than would be expected by chance, which can be explained by geographic distribution, their strong association with cultivation, diversification (except with regard to introduced diseases), and therapeutic versatility, but not versatility of use categories. Introduced plants make a disproportionately high contribution to plant medicine in Ecuador. The strong association of cultivation with introduced medicinal plant use highlights the importance of the maintenance of human-mediated environments such as homegardens and agroforests for the provisioning of healthcare services.</p></div

Number of native and introduced plants that treat post-Contact (Old World) and pre-Contact diseases.

<p>Number of native and introduced plants that treat post-Contact (Old World) and pre-Contact diseases.</p

Number of introduced and native plants that are employed for each treatment category.

<p>Number of introduced and native plants that are employed for each treatment category.</p

Contingency table to test if introduced plants are more likely to treat introduced (post Spanish contact) diseases.

<p>Contingency table to test if introduced plants are more likely to treat introduced (post Spanish contact) diseases.</p

Average number of use categories and medicinal treatment subcategories per plant.

<p>(A) Use categories and (B) medicinal treatment subcategories, for introduced (n = 532 and 312) native (n = 4502 and 2230) plants. Error bars ± 2SE. Asterisk indicates significance (p < 0.05).</p

Number of introduced and native plants that are employed to treat each body system.

<p>Number of introduced and native plants that are employed to treat each body system.</p

Number of native and introduced plants that treat post-Contact (Old World) and pre-Contact diseases.

<p>Number of native and introduced plants that treat post-Contact (Old World) and pre-Contact diseases.</p