A Prospective Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions in a South Indian Hospital

Adverse drug reactions are a great cause of concern to the medical profession, the patients and the pharmaceutical industry. However ADR reporting and monitoring is yet to catch up in India. Hence we undertook a study to record and analyze adverse reactions among all patients admitted to the medical wards of a tertiary care. Centre patients admitted to all medical wards over one year were assessed for ADRs throughout their admission. Suspected ADRs were recorded and analyzed for i) the type of reaction ii) severity iii) Consequence on treatment that is if the drug was continued, or stopped, or needed to be treated with other drugs, iv) Physiological system involved and the v) group of the drugs associated with ADRs. Among 1250 patients admitted during the study period, 250 adverse events were observed. Majority (76.8%) were of mild type, 66% were severe requiring intensive care and 3 patients died. Antimicrobials were responsible for maximum (42.4%) ADRs followed by drugs acting on CNS (20%). When we analyzed the systems affected, CNS side effects were more common in our study. While in many other studies Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects were the most common. Combination of drugs was responsible for a large percentage of ADRs. Inadvertent use of antipsychotics with sedatives led to respiratory failure in 4 patients of which 1 died. Contaminated IV fluids are suspected to be the cause of death in another fatal ADR. In conclusion there is a need for vigilant ADR monitoring to be done by all doctors to prevent morbidity and mortality from ADRs

Correctors for the Neumann problem in thin domains with locally periodic oscillatory structure

In this paper we are concerned with convergence of solutions of the Poisson equation with Neumann boundary conditions in a two-dimensional thin domain exhibiting highly oscillatory behavior in part of its boundary. We deal with the resonant case in which the height, amplitude and period of the oscillations are all of the same order which is given by a small parameter $\epsilon > 0$. Applying an appropriate corrector approach we get strong convergence when we replace the original solutions by a kind of first-order expansion through the Multiple-Scale Method.Comment: to appear in Quarterly of Applied Mathematic

Valley polarization effects on the localization in graphene Landau levels

Effects of disorder and valley polarization in graphene are investigated in the quantum Hall regime. We find anomalous localization properties for the lowest Landau level (LL), where disorder can induce wavefunction delocalization (instead of localization), both for white-noise and gaussian-correlated disorder. We quantitatively identify the contribution of each sublattice to wavefunction amplitudes. Following the valley (sublattice) polarization of states within LLs for increasing disorder we show: (i) valley mixing in the lowest LL is the main effect behind the observed anomalous localization properties, (ii) the polarization suppression with increasing disorder depends on the localization for the white-noise model, while, (iii) the disorder induces a partial polarization in the higher Landau levels for both disorder models.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, extended version, with 2 new figures adde

A Time-Periodic Lyapunov Approach for Motion Planning of Controllable Driftless Systems on SU(n)

For a right-invariant and controllable driftless system on SU(n), we consider a time-periodic reference trajectory along which the linearized control system generates su(n): such trajectories always exist and constitute the basic ingredient of Coron's Return Method. The open-loop controls that we propose, which rely on a left-invariant tracking error dynamics and on a fidelity-like Lyapunov function, are determined from a finite number of left-translations of the tracking error and they assure global asymptotic convergence towards the periodic reference trajectory. The role of these translations is to avoid being trapped in the critical region of this Lyapunov-like function. The convergence proof relies on a periodic version of LaSalle's invariance principle and the control values are determined by numerical integration of the dynamics of the system. Simulations illustrate the obtained controls for $n=4$ and the generation of the C--NOT quantum gate.Comment: Submitte

Adittional levels between Landau bands due to vacancies in graphene: towards a defect engineering

We describe the effects of vacancies on the electronic properties of a graphene sheet in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field: from a single defect to an organized vacancy lattice. An isolated vacancy is the minimal possible inner edge, showing an antidotlike behaviour, which results in an extra level between consecutive Landau levels. Two close vacancies may couple to each other, forming a vacancy molecule tuned by the magnetic field. We show that a vacancy lattice introduce an extra band in between Landau levels with localization properties that could lead to extra Hall resistance plateaus.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, few comments added after referees - accepted to publication in Phys. Rev.