Aplicação de KCN e linamarina e a incompatibilidade de enxertia por translocação no clone de seringueira IPA 1 KCN and linamarin applications and the translocation incompatibility of crown clones of Hevea sp. budded onto IPA 1

Para caracterizar evidências indiretas do envolvimento dos glicosídeos cianogênicos da seringueira, cujo principal componente é a linamarina, no desenvolvimento dos sintomas de incompatibilidade de enxertia por translocação apresentados pelo clone de painel IPA 1 (Hevea brasiliensis) em enxertos de copa com vários clones de outras espécies de Hevea, tentou-se sua reprodução através da aplicação de soluções com concentrações de cianeto de potássio (KCN) e linamarina no caule do clone IPA 1 e dos clones Fx 4098 e Fx 3864, que não apresentam reação de incompatibilidade com os mesmos clones incompatíveis com o IPA 1. A aplicação de soluções de KCN no caule provocaram rápida coagulação do látex nos laticíferos do IPA 1 com concentrações muito baixas de KCN e mais altas no Fx 4098. No Fx 3864, não houve efeito, exceto leve redução de escoamento com a dose mais alta. Os tratamentos com KCN causaram necrose apenas próximo ao local das aplicações. Com soluções de linamarina, a necrose, também precedida pela coagulação do látex, ocorreu em maior extensão do caule, o que indica maior mobilidade de linamarina, que do KCN. O IPA 1 mostrou-se, novamente, mais sensível às concentrações mais baixas de linamarina, com doses mais altas provocando os mesmos efeitos no Fx 4098 e sem ocorrência de efeitos no Fx 3864. Nos tratamentos com linamarina observou-se o acúmulo de HCN livre na casca do caule do clone IPA 1, responsável pelos sintomas observados. A incompatibilidade com o IPA 1 é provocada pela translocação de glicosídios cianogênicos das copas enxertadas no IPA 1, que não é dotado de suficiente capacidade de remoção do HCN liberado na hidrólise desses glicosídios, tendo o Fx 3864 apresentado desintoxicação mais eficiente.<br>To further evaluate previous indirect evidences of a role for the rubber tree cyanogenic glycosides, of which the main component is linamarin, this study evaluated the translocation incompatibility of the clone IPA 1 (Hevea brasiliensis) with budded crowns of clones of other species. Solutions of KCN were first applied, which caused rapid coagulation of the latex in the laticiphers of IPA 1, at very low concentrations, the same effect being observed in Fx 4098 at higher concentrations. The clone Fx 3864 presented no effect, only a slight reduction of the latex flow at the highest concentration. With linamarin solutions the necrosis, again preceded by latex coagulation, spread longer along the stem, indicating a higher mobility of linamarin than KCN. The clone IPA 1 behaved again sensitive to the lower concentrations of linamarin, with the higher concentrations causing the same effects on Fx 4098 and no effect on Fx 3864. With linamarin a build up of free HCN was detected in the bark of IPA 1. The incompatibility with IPA 1 is caused by the translocation of cianogenic glycosides from the budded crowns to the stem which is deprived of sufficient capacity to remove the HCN liberated by the hydrolisis of cyanogenic glicosides, while the Fx 3864 presented a very efficient detoxifying capacity

Behavior pattern of beef heifers supplemented with different energy sources on oat and ryegrass pasture

The objective of this study was to evaluate behavior patterns of heifers grazing on black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), fed supplementation with brown rice meal and/or protected fat. A total of 28 Charolais × Nellore crossbred heifers at average initial age of 18 months and with initial live weight of 274.9±4.97 kg were used in the experiment. Animals were kept in oat + ryegrass pastures and distributed in the following treatments: no supplementation; Megalac (MEG): protected fat supplementation; supplementation with brown rice meal (BRM); and supplementation with BRM + MEG. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of pasture either in kg or in percentage of live weight was not changed by supply of supplement, but increased linearly (0.045 kg per day) over grazing periods. Supplementation with BRM and BRM + MEG reduced grazing time, 49.63%, in relation to non-supplemented animals and animals supplemented with MEG, 63.13%. Feeding seasons per minute increased over the experimental period with reduction in time spent in each feeding station. The number of bites per feeding station decreased linearly, with a variation of 34.48% in the late grazing period. Heifers supplemented with BRM and BRM + MEG require less time for grazing and increase their idle time, with no modification in displacement patterns within the paddocks and pasture ingestion. Grazing and idle time does not change in the distinct periods of pasture use, but rumination time increases with days of pasture use and with increase in NDF intake

Effect of boron and zinc fertilization on white oats grown in soil with average content of these nutrients

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with zinc or boron on the growth and dry matter production, nutritional value and accumulation of nutrients in white oats. The study comprised two experiments conducted in glasshouses, the first consisting of the application of four doses of zinc (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/dm³) in the form of zinc sulphate (20% Zn), and the second consisting of the application of four doses of boron (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/dm³) in the form of Borax (11% B). The experimental design in each case was a randomized block design, with five replicates. Fertilization with zinc and boron increased the growth of white oats, but had no significant effect on the nutritional value of the forage. Higher levels of absorption and accumulation of nutrients in plant tissues were observed following the application of boron and zinc at rates of up to 0.60 mg/dm³ of soil