Cambios en la estructura de la comunidad y contenido de carbono orgánico del meio- y macrobentos entre las áreas de planicies de marea y marismas colonizadas por Spartina alterniflora en el Estuario de Bahía Blanca (Atlántico SO)

Salt marshes are regarded as among the most productive coastal ecosystems, important “blue carbon” sinks and a support for benthic communities with large abundances, whose structure may be strongly influenced by salt marsh vegetation. During the last few decades, Spartina alterniflora has been colonizing bare mudflats in the Bahía Blanca estuary, and a large increase in the area covered by salt marshes has been reported. This colonization can strongly influence the structure of benthic fauna and its role in the carbon cycle. The hypothesis of this study was that the community structure and the organic carbon contained in the meio- and macrobenthos change between tidal flats and salt marshes recently colonized by S. alterniflora. Response variables studied to compare the tidal flat and salt marsh were density, biomass and production to biomass (P/B) ratio of macro- and meiobenthos. Density and biomass of Gastropoda and P/B ratio of Nematoda were higher on the salt marsh than on the tidal flat. By contrast, density and biomass of Polychaeta were higher on the tidal flat. These results suggest that the expansion of S. alterniflora marshes on tidal flats produces changes in the structure of the macro- and meiobenthos community (taxonomic composition and biomass) that have an influence on carbon cycling.Las marismas son consideradas uno de los ecosistemas costeros más productivos, importantes sumideros de “carbono azul” y soporte para comunidades bentónicas con grandes abundancias, cuya estructura puede estar fuertemente influenciada por la vegetación de las marismas. Durante las últimas décadas, Spartina alterniflora ha estado colonizando las planicies de mareas sin vegetación en el estuario de Bahía Blanca, reportándose un gran incremento del área cubierta por las marismas. Esta colonización puede influir fuertemente en la estructura de la fauna bentónica y en su rol en el ciclo de carbono. La hipótesis de este estudio fue que la estructura de la comunidad y el carbono orgánico contenido en el meiobentos y macrobentos cambian entre las planicies de marea y las marismas recientemente colonizadas por S. alterniflora. Las variables de respuesta estudiadas para comparar la planicie de marea y la marisma fueron la densidad, biomasa y la relación producción/biomasa (P/B) del macrobentos y meiobentos. La densidad y biomasa de Gastropoda y la relación P/B de Nematoda fueron mayores en la marisma que en la planicie de marea. Por el contrario, la densidad y biomasa de Polychaeta fueron mayores en la planicie de marea. Estos resultados sugieren que la expansión de las marismas de S. alterniflora sobre las planicies de marea genera cambios en la estructura de la comunidad del macrobentos y meiobentos (composición taxonómica y biomasa) que influyen en el ciclo del carbono

Patterns and Trends in Chlorophyll-a Concentration and Phytoplankton Phenology in the Biogeographical Regions of Southwestern Atlantic

The Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA), is considered one of the most productive areas of the world, with a high abundance of ecologically and economically important fish species. Yet, the biological responses of this complex region to climate variability are still uncertain. Here, using 24 years of satellite-derived Chl-a data, we classified the SWA into 9 spatially coherent regions based on the temporal variability of Chl-a concentration, as revealed by SOM (Self-Organizing Maps) analysis. These biogeographical regions were the basis of a regional trend analysis in phytoplankton biomass, phenological indices, and environmental forcing variations. A general positive trend in phytoplankton concentration was observed, especially in the highly productive areas of the northern shelf-break, where phytoplankton biomass has increased at a rate of up to 0.42 ± 0.04 mg m−3 per decade. Significant positive trends in sea surface temperature were observed in 4 of the 9 regions (0.08–0.26 °C decade−1) and shoaling of the mixing layer depth in 5 of the 9 regions (−1.50 to −3.36 m decade−1). In addition to the generally positive trend in Chl-a, the most conspicuous change in the phytoplankton temporal patterns in the SWA is a delay in the autumn bloom (between 15 ± 3 and 24 ± 6 days decade−1, depending on the region). The observed variations in phytoplankton phenology could be attributed to climate-induced ocean warming and extended stratification period. Our results provided further evidence of the impact of climate change on these highly productive waters.The authors would like to thank the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) for their financial support (BECA EXTERNA). This research was done in the frame of I-COOP 2021 project founded by the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and the PICT2020-Serie A-02309 founded by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación. The present research was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Spanish Government through the “María de Maeztu Centre of Excellence” accreditation to IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) (CEX2021-001198-M).” I. Hernandez-Carrasco acknowledges financial support from the project TRITOP (Grant: UIB2021-PD06) funded by University of the Balearic Islands and by FEDER(EU). V. Combes acknowledges the support of NSF Grants OCE-2149093, OCE-2149292, NASA award 80NSSC21K0559, and the support from the Spanish Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC2020-029306-I) through Grant AEI/UIB—10.13039/501100011033. J.S Font-Muñoz acknowledges funding by an individual postdoctoral fellowship “Margalida Comas” (PD/018/2020) from Govern de les Illes Balears and Fondo Social Europeo. P. Pratolongo thanks the financial support of Pampa Azul (B8).With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001198-M).Peer reviewe