FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CuPc BASED ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS

In this work, organic solar cells of the configuration ITO/Pedot:PSS/CuPc/PTCBI/Al (Indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonic acid/copper phthalocyanine/3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole/aluminum) were investigated. A high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.15 V was obtained when the PTCBI layer was 7 nm thick. Lower Voc values were observed for the same structure with silver, copper and gold electrodes instead of aluminum. However, short-circuit current density (Jsc) with these electrodes was much higher (4 mA/cm2) than in the case of aluminum (0.12 mA/cm2). Results were interpreted in terms of a modified CuPc/Al Schottky diode for the thin PTCBI case and a CuPc/PTCBI heterojunction for the thick PTCBI case. Also, the formation of a thin, protective aluminum oxide layer under the aluminum electrode was postulated. For devices with silver, copper and gold electrodes, absence of this protective layer was thought to be the cause of a relatively lower Voc and higher Jsc

Design of Building Blocks for Trit Algorithm

This thesis attempts to design the building blocks for TRIT algorithm. PSPICE was used for simulation. The building blocks were laidout in Magic.Electrical Engineerin

Marxist Theories of Development, the New International Division of Labor, and the Third World

What are the implications for development in the Third World in light of the widespread intellectual retreat from Marxist theory and practice in recent years? This essay offers an answer to this question by focusing on the current debate concerning the rise of a new inter­ national division of labor (NIDL). The debate over the NIDL has much significance given the growing interpenetration of various re­ gional and national economies in an increasingly integrated global economy. But while one can safely argue that integration with the global economy is now essential to economic growth, the terms of the debate over that process appear to have shifted to the mechanism and conditions of integration for hitherto isolated economies. This essay will delineate the trajectory taken by the NIDL debate to date and will suggest how an historical-structural approach in the Marxist tradition, provides opportunities for furthering the discussion.The essay first provides a brief overview of Marxist theories of Third World development, including the ideas of Marx, Lenin and key post-World War II dependency theorists. Next, it highlights key points of continuity and discontinuity between these older theories and the current debate on the NIDL. The essay then concludes with a discus­ sion of both the structural and historically determined economic and political constraints on the incorporation of the Third World into the NIDL before setting out some questions for future research

THE Q-PROPERTY OF A MULTIPLICATIVE TRANSFORMATION IN SEMIDEFINITE LINEAR COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEMS ∗

Abstract. The Q-property of a multiplicative transformation AXA T in semidefinite linear complementarity problems is characterized when A is normal. Key words. Multiplicative transformations, Q-property, Complementarity. AMS subject classifications. 90C33, 17C55. 1. Introduction. Let S n be the space of all real symmetric matrices of order n. Suppose that L: S n → S n is a linear transformation and Q ∈ S n.WewriteX ≽ 0, if X is symmetric and positive semidefinite. The semidefinite linear complementarity problem, SDLCP(L, Q) is to find a matrix X such that X ≽ 0, Y: = L(X)+Q ≽ 0, and XY =0

Research and Development Facilities of Multinational Enterprises in India

A noted American economic geographer collaborates with an India-based colleague to discuss the research and development (R&D) facilities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in India, which has emerged as a preferred location for corporate R&D and strategic marketing facilities in the 21st century (previously situated in the developed world). Drawing on in-depth interviews in the field with MNEs located in Bangalore during 2007 and in 2012, the authors demonstrate how the perception of India as a location of innovation has begun to change, and discuss how the country began to serve as an ideal location for market knowledge gathering activities. Pointing to implications for other developing economies, the paper concludes that India\u27s unique combination of market assets has played an important role in enabling MNEs to upgrade their functions

Beyond ICTs and developmental domains: The historical specificity of ICTD

That ICTD has generated much enthusiasm, hope and hype in the past two decades should not come as a surprise. As ICTs are increasingly powerful and affordable general purpose technologies, the possibility of deploying them to change the course of history, by improving the lives of the underprivileged, is alluring. While the field of ICTD has mostly focused on investigating the efficacy of the forms and outcomes of ICT deployments in different domains in recent years, it has missed out on a broader view of development: As the unfolding of the capitalistic mode of production over time and space. While a bottom-up, project based perspective provides insights into whether or not ICTD can make history with solutions to specific social ills, a top-down or long-term perspective can explain why history has given ICTD the characteristics it possesses. It is to provide such a perspective, which is missing in the literature, that this paper will explain ICTD as a socially, spatially and temporally specific outcome within a conjunctural configuration of long run changes in capitalism. But even as the paper highlights the endogeneity of ICTD to capitalism, it will also emphasize how and why this manifestation of capitalism is not business as usual. Not only are the technologies new, but it also seeks new forms of innovation (frugal innovation), and a new organizational logic (bringing together historically antagonistic players such as multinational enterprises and non-governmental organizations) in a quest for hitherto ignored markets (at the bottom-of-thepyramid). In other words, the paper will demonstrate the historical specificity of ICTD