Određivanje sadržaja uranijuma u zemljištima

The usage of depleted uranium munitions was only indirectly forbidden (by General convention which is against environmental pollution) up to its mass application in the last decade of XX century (Iraq, Bosnia, Yugoslavia). The United Nations are on the good way of putting the depleted uranium to the list of forbidden weapons. Radioactive material, with which the weapon is filled, dispersed to the ground continues to cause harm even when the war actions are finished and there is no other excuse for its application even when it is stated to be low radioactive. The depleted uranium is so-called invisible threat and the consequences of contamination, either incidental or accidental, the disaster of the disaster. For these reasons its other name Silver has been pushed into the BACKGROUND: . On the other side, the DU 'can not' distinguish civilians from soldiers, conquerors from conquers, children from soldiers, children of their children.... and for that its name has been changed to Deadly Bullet. Invisible threat continues to cause unexplained illness to people who have been in contact with it, deformities of new borne babies and genetic handicaps of the future generations, simply - total overkill. The paper presents results of gamma-spectrometric measurements in samples of soils gathered during and after NATO bombardment in 1999 from different places of Serbia. The aim of investigation was to establish a possible soil contamination by depleted uranium. Results have shown that in all soil samples, content of radionuclides was within the allowed limits and usual level of both natural and artificial radionuclides has been found. Measurements so far do show that presence of natural radionuclides in the sample of soil and sediment (ratio 238U/235U) was normal. Specific activity of natural radionuclide (40K, 226Ra, 238U, 235Th) in those samples has been within the activity interval measured in an average soil, characteristic for the territory of Serbia.Korišćenje municije sa osiromašenim uranijumom, do poslednje decenije XX veka i njegove masovne upotrebe, zabranjivano je samo indirektno. Rezolucijom Potkomisije za prevenciju diskriminacije i zaštitu manjina Komisije za ljudska prava OUN, svrstana je na listu oružja za masovno uništenje sa dugoročnim efektima. Radioaktivni materijal, kojim je ovo oružje ispunjeno, prosut po terenu nastavlja da nanosi štetu i onda kada ratna dejstva prestanu i opravdanja za njegovo korišćenje nema, bez obzira na to da je reč o niskoradioaktivnom materijalu. Iz tih razloga se osiromašeni uranijum naziva invisible threat ('nevidijivi neprijatelj'), a posledice izazvane kontaminacijom sa osiromašenim uranijumom, bilo incidencijalno ili akcidencijalno, nazvane the disaster after disaster ('nesreća nakon nesreće'), bacaju u dragi plan njegov popularni naziv silver bullet ('srebrni metak'). Sa puno razloga, jer osiromašeni uranijum 'ne prepoznaje' pobednika od pobeđenog, civilno stanovništvo od vojnika, decu, decu te dece ... Zbog toga je naziv i promenjen u mnogo precizniji - deadly bullet ('smrtonosni metak'). Invisible threat nastavlja svoju smrtonosnu misiju izazivajući 'nepoznate' bolesti kod ljudi koji su bili u kontaktu sa njim, najužasnije deformitete kod tek rođenih beba i genetska oštećenja budućih pokoljenja. Jednostavno - total overkill. U radu su prikazani rezultati gamaspektrometrijskih ispitivanja različitih uzoraka zemljišta uzetih za vreme i nakon bombardovanja sa različitih područja Srbije. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi da li je došlo do kontaminacije zemljišta osiromašenim uranijumom. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je, u svim ispitivanim uzorcima zemljišta, sadržaj i prirodnih i veštačkih radionuklida u okviru zakonom predviđenog nivoa. Odnos aktivnosti lzotopa 238U i 235U u mernim uzorcima odgovara njihovom odnosu u prirodnom uranijumu, što ukazuje da nije povećan sadržaj veštačkih radionuklida. Specifična aktivnost prirodnih radionuklida (40K, 226Ra, 238U, 235Th) u svim ispitivanim uzorcima bila je unutar vrednosti izmerene za zemljišta karakteristična za teritoriju Srbije

Transfer of Cs-134 and Cs-137 from soils to plants in cultivated and uncultivated soils in different regions of Yugoslavia

10th international congress of the International Radiation Protection Association; May 14-19, 2000; Hiroshima, Japa

Comparatioions of two methods for HPGe detector efficiency calibration for charcoal canister radon measurement

The charcoal canister method of radon concentration estimation according to US EPA protocol 520/5-87-005, is the most widely used method of screening. This method is based on radon adsorption on coal and measurement of gamma radiation of radon daughters. For the purpose of gamma spectrometry, appropriate efficiency calibration of the measuring system must be performed. The most usual method of calibration is using standard canister, a sealed canister with the same matrix and geometry as the canisters used for measurements, but with the known activity of radon. In absence of standard canister, a different method of efficiency calibration has to be implemented. This paper presents the results of efficiency calibration using EFTRAN efficiency transfer software. Efficiency was calculated using soil matrix cylindrical secondary reference material as a starting point. Calculated efficiency is then compared to the one obtained using standard canister and applied to a realistic measurement in order to evaluate the results of the efficiency transfer.2nd International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research (RAD), May 27-30, Niš, 2014

Comparison of two different methods for gross alpha and beta activity determination in water samples

Measurement of the gross alpha and beta activity concentrations in various matrices is suitable as a preliminary screening procedure to determine whether further analysis related to specific radionuclide is necessary. In Serbia, according to current regulations, radioactivity concentrations in drinking water for gross alpha and gross beta should be LT 0.5 and LT 1.0 Bq L-1, respectively. The generally accepted methods for gross alpha and beta activity analysis of drinking water in different countries are: EPA 900.0 and ISO methods (ISO 9696, water quality - measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water - thick source method, and ISO 9697, water quality - measurement of gross beta activity in non-saline water). This paper describes comparison of preparations and measurement gross alpha and beta activity in bottled mineral waters as well as in tap waters in Serbia using two methods: EPA 900.0 with and without ash, and ISO methods. Concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in investigated water samples was determined. Based on obtained TDS, certain volume was evaporated. The instrumentation used to count the gross alpha and gross beta activities for both methods is alpha/beta low level proportional counter Thermo Eberline FHT 770 T

Magistralni i galenski lekovi u dermatologiji - prošlost ili sadašnjost

Since the majority of registered drugs are available in single dose/strength and dosage form, the importance of drug compounding, especially in respect to treatment of various dermatological conditions, is being re-evaluated. Although the practice of extemporaneous drug preparation has been improved during the years, countries with otherwise highly developed pharmaceutical industry have become aware that providing individualized therapy is sometimes inevitable. Hence, throughout the world, a number of documents aiming to regulate this practice are being implemented. One of the recently adopted documents in EU is the Resolution CM/ResAP(2011)1 on quality and safety assurance requirements for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies for the special needs of patients. The importance of magistral and galenic drugs preparation is especially notable in case of conditions such as eczema, which are accompanied with dry skin and itching sensation. By preparing a magistral drug for the specific patient, a sufficient amount of the drug can be provided (approx. requirement of 250 g per week), in a suitable, emollient base. Thus, the potentially dangerous practice of diluting registered drugs, especially common for corticosteroids, may be avoided. Along with such a drug, a pharmacist may also prepare the base itself, and advise the patient to apply it between two corticosteroid treatments.Činjenica da je većina registrovanih lekova dostupna u jednoj dozi/jačini i farmaceutskom obliku, dovela je do redefinisanja značaja izrade magistralnih i galenskih lekova, posebno za potrebe terapije dermatoloških oboljenja. Iako su znanja i veštine farmaceuta vezane za izradu magistralnih lekova unapređivane tokom godina, i zemlje sa razvijenom farmaceutskom industrijom postaju svesne značaja koncepta individualizacije terapije i rade na pripremi odgovarajućih dokumenata. Jedan od novijih dokumenata donet u EU sa ciljem uređenja ovog dela farmaceutske prakse je Resolution CM/ResAP(2011)1 on quality and safety assurance requirements for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies for the special needs of patients. Značaj izrade magistralnih lekova naročito je izražen u slučaju dermatoloških oboljenja poput ekcema različite etiologije, praćenih suvom kožom i svrabom. Izradom leka za pojedinačnog pacijenta, obezbeđuje se dovoljna količina leka (potreba od oko 250 g preparata nedeljno) u pogodnoj, emolijentnoj podlozi. Na ovaj način može se izbeći potencijalno opasna praksa razblaživanja registrovanih lekova za lokalnu terapiju kod dece, naročito česta kod primene kortikosteroidnih kremova. Uz lek, farmaceut može izdati i samu (praznu) podlogu/bazu, koja na koži bolesnika treba da ostvari emolijentno dejstvo, čija je primena naročito značajna između dva tretmana kortikosteroidnim preparatima

Cs137 activity in the milk and dairy products in Serbia during 2016

Jednu od osnovnih mera za rano otkrivanje i kontrolu prisustva radioaktivnih materija u mleku i mlečnim proizvodima predstavlja stalni radijaciono-higijenski nadzor i radijaciono-higijenska ekspertiza. U radu su izneti rezultati rada Laboratorije za radijacionu higijenu - »LABRAH» pri Naučnom institutu za veterinarstvo Srbije u Beogradu. Tokom 2016. godine sprovedena je radijaciono-higijenska kontrola gamaspektrometrijskom analizom zračenja nad ukupno 349 uzoraka mleka i mlečnih proizvoda pri unutrašnjoj i graničnoj kontroli. Mala aktivnost radionuklida veštačkog porekla 137Cs pokazuje, da je efektivna doza za stanovništvo od tog radionuklida unetog ingestijom, značajno ispod preporučene godišnje granice primljene doze za pojedinca iz stanovništva (0,1 mSv/god), što znači da su ispitivani uzorci bili ispravni sa radijaciono-higijenskog aspekta.One of the basic measures for early detection and control of the presence of radioactive materials in milk and dairy products is constant radiation-hygienic monitoring and radiation-hygienic expertise. The paper presents the results of the Laboratory for Radiation Hygiene - "LABRAH" at the Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine in Belgrade. During 2016, radiation-hygienic control with gamma-spectrometric radiation analysis was conducted over a total of 349 samples of milk and dairy products at internal and border control. A small activity of 137Cs of artificial origin shows that the effective dose for the population from this radionuclide introduced by ingestion is significantly below the recommended annual dose limit for the individual from the population (0.1 mSv/year), which means that tested samples were correct from the radiation-hygienic aspect

Interlaboratory comparison material homogeneity testing

The homogeneity of fertilizer samples for interlaboratory gamma-ray spectrometry comparison was tested by determination of the total. count rate and the count rates for two U-238. lines, one K-40 line and one common U-235 and Ra-226 line. Homogeneity testing was accomplished by determination of the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation for each parameter and comparison of their standard deviations with predefined tolerances, by Cochrans test, and by a one-way ANOVA. The standard deviations were all less than these tolerances. All samples passed Cochrans test and the one-way ANOVA test for homogeneity

Determination of inorganic compounds in drinking water on the basis of house water heater scale, part 1: Determination of heavy metals and uranium

The analysis of scale originated from drinking water on the house water heater, showed that scale is basically calcium carbonate that crystallizes hexagonally in the form of calcite. Scale taken as a sample from different spots in Belgrade – upper town of Zemun (sample 1) and Pančevo (sample 2) showed different configuration although it came from the same waterworks. That indicates either that the water flowing through waterworks pipes in different parts of the city is not the same or the waterworks net is not the same (age, maintaining, etc). All the elements which are dominant in drinking water (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), and which could be found in water by natural processes, are by their content far below the values regulated by law. The analysis also showed the presence of many metals: Ti, Pb, Zn, Cu Li, Sr, Cd, and Cr in the first sample, which are not found in the scale taken near Pančevo. The results obtained by calculating the mass concentration in drinking water on the basis of scale content, showed that both waters belonged to the category of low mineral waters. Contents of inorganic substances in these waters (117.85 mg/dm3 for sample 1 or 80.83 mg/dm3 for sample 2) are twice lower than the values predicted by the legislation. Gammaspectrometric analysis indicates the presence of radioactive elements – uranium and strontium which can influence human health

Cs137 activity in the milk and dairy products in Serbia during 2016

Jednu od osnovnih mera za rano otkrivanje i kontrolu prisustva radioaktivnih materija u mleku i mlečnim proizvodima predstavlja stalni radijaciono-higijenski nadzor i radijaciono-higijenska ekspertiza. U radu su izneti rezultati rada Laboratorije za radijacionu higijenu - »LABRAH» pri Naučnom institutu za veterinarstvo Srbije u Beogradu. Tokom 2016. godine sprovedena je radijaciono-higijenska kontrola gamaspektrometrijskom analizom zračenja nad ukupno 349 uzoraka mleka i mlečnih proizvoda pri unutrašnjoj i graničnoj kontroli. Mala aktivnost radionuklida veštačkog porekla 137Cs pokazuje, da je efektivna doza za stanovništvo od tog radionuklida unetog ingestijom, značajno ispod preporučene godišnje granice primljene doze za pojedinca iz stanovništva (0,1 mSv/god), što znači da su ispitivani uzorci bili ispravni sa radijaciono-higijenskog aspekta.One of the basic measures for early detection and control of the presence of radioactive materials in milk and dairy products is constant radiation-hygienic monitoring and radiation-hygienic expertise. The paper presents the results of the Laboratory for Radiation Hygiene - "LABRAH" at the Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine in Belgrade. During 2016, radiation-hygienic control with gamma-spectrometric radiation analysis was conducted over a total of 349 samples of milk and dairy products at internal and border control. A small activity of 137Cs of artificial origin shows that the effective dose for the population from this radionuclide introduced by ingestion is significantly below the recommended annual dose limit for the individual from the population (0.1 mSv/year), which means that tested samples were correct from the radiation-hygienic aspect

Gamma spectrometry testing of imported tea in period of 2015 to 2018

U radu su prikazani rezultati gamaspektrometrijskog ispitivanja različitih čajevaporeklom iz uvoza. Ispitana su 162 uzorka u periodu od 2015.godinedo 2018. godine.Maksimalnavrednost za 137Cs je iznosila 5,04 Bq/kg suvog uzorka, što ukazuje da su svi čajevi bili bezbedni za ljudsku upotrebu.The paper presents the results of gamma spectrometry testing of different imported tea. 162 samples were tested during the period from 2015 to 2018. The maximum value for 137Cs was 5.04 Bq/kg of dry sample, indicating that the all tea samples were safe for human use.Proceedings: [http://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/8681]XXX симпозијум ДЗЗСЦГ (Друштва за заштиту од зрачења Србије и Црне Горе), 2- 4. октобар 2019. године, Дивчибаре, Србиј