A review of nanotechnology with an emphasis on Nanoplex

;O uso da nanotecnologia baseada no desenvolvimento e na fabricação de nanoestruturas é uma abordagem que tem sido empregada para superar os desafios envolvidos nos sistemas de liberação de fármacos convencionais. A formulação de nanoplexos é a nova tendência na nanotecnologia. Um nanoplexo é um complexo formado pela nanopartícula do fármaco com poplieletrólito de carga oposta. Tanto fármacos catiônicos quanto aniônicos formam complexos com polieletrólitos opostamente carregados. Comparado com outras nanoestruturas, o rendimento dos nanoplexos é maior e a eficiência de complexação é melhor. Nanoplexos são, também. De mais fácil preparação. A formulação de nanoplexo é caracterizada pelo rendimento de produção, eficiência de complexação, carga do fármaco, tamanho de partícula e potencial zeta, utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura, calorimetria exploratória diferencial, difração de raios X e estudos de diálise. Os nanoplexos têm aplicações amplas em diferentes campos, como terapia antineoplásica, liberação em terapia gênica, liberação cerebral de fármaco, liberação de fármacos protéicos e peptídicos.;;The use of nanotechnology based on the development and fabrication of nanostructures is one approach that has been employed to overcome the challenges involved with conventional drug delivery systems. Formulating Nanoplex is the new trend in nanotechnology. A nanoplex is a complex formed by a drug nanoparticle with an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. Both cationic and anionic drugs form complexes with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. Compared with other nanostructures, the yield of Nanoplex is greater and the complexation efficiency is better. Nanoplex are also easier to prepare. Nanoplex formulation is characterized through the production yield, complexation efficiency, drug loading, particle size and zeta potential using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and dialysis studies. Nanoplex have wide-ranging applications in different fields such as cancer therapy, gene drug delivery, drug delivery to the brain and protein and peptide drug delivery.

Machine Learning Algorithm for Early Detection and Analysis of Brain Tumors Using MRI Images

Among the human body's organs, the brain is the most delicate and specialized. It is proven that after the heart stops then also brain death occurs within 3 to 5 minutes of death or within 3 to 5 minutes of loss of oxygen supply. A brain tumor is a life-threatening disease that can be detected at any age from an infant to an old person. Though a lot of people did research in the detection and analysis of a tumor, but then also detecting tumors at the early phase is still a much more arduous field in the biomedical study. This paper focuses on the comparative study of various existing algorithms in this field. This paper addresses the challenges and some issues in MRI brain tumor detection which are also addressed in this research

NOVEL STRATEGY IN CONTROLLED GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY: IN-SITU FLOATING GEL

Attempts are made in research and development of sustained and controlled drug delivery systems to overcome physiological and unpredictable gastric empting time (GET). Such dosage forms are useful for the drugs with ‘narrow therapeutic index'. Formation of gel depends on factors such as temperature, pH, ionic cross linking and UV irradiation, from which drug is released in controlled or sustained manner. In-situ gelling systems is prominent among other novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), due to advantages such as sustained and prolonged drug action, improved patient compliance and reduced frequency of drug administration as compared to conventional drug delivery system. These polymeric formulations are in solution form before administration and then turns to gel form when comes in contact with gastric fluids. Various natural, biodegradable, biocompatible and water soluble polymers such as pectin, gallen gum, chitosan, poly-caprolactone, xyloglucane, poly-D, L-lactic acid, pluronic F 127, carbopol, etc makes this drug delivery most acceptable and useful. In-situ gel is fabricated for both local and systemic drug delivery at specific site of action. Various evaluations are recommended for in-situ gels mostly viscosity, buoyancy, gelling capacity and dissolution studies are performed. This review presents current trends in fabrication, evaluation parameters and importance of various drugs formulated as in-situ gelling system

Fabrication of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Its Applications in Drug Delivery

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) are nano-sized particles with a porous structure that offers unique advantages for drug delivery systems. The chapter begins with an introduction to MSNs, providing a definition of these nanoparticles along with a brief historical overview. The distinctive properties of MSNs, such as high surface area, tunable pore size, and excellent biocompatibility, are discussed, highlighting their potential in drug delivery applications. The synthesis methods for MSNs are presented, including template-assisted synthesis, sol-gel method, co-condensation method, and other approaches. The chapter also covers the characterization techniques used for evaluating MSNs, including morphological, structural, and chemical characterization, which are crucial for assessing their quality and functionality. The surface modification of MSNs is explored, focusing on the functionalization of surface groups, attachment of targeting ligands, and surface charge modification to enhance their interactions with specific cells or tissues. The chapter then delves into the diverse applications of MSNs, with a particular focus on drug delivery. The use of MSNs in cancer theranostics, drug delivery, imaging, biosensing, and catalysis is discussed, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize these areas. Furthermore, the toxicity and biocompatibility of MSNs are addressed, covering both in vitro and in vivo studies that evaluate their safety and efficacy

Perspective Chapter: Pharmaceutical Drying

This chapter presents an overview of the perspective chapter on pharmaceutical drying within the context of drug manufacturing. It explores the significance of pharmaceutical drying in ensuring the stability and efficacy of drug products. The chapter begins by defining pharmaceutical drying and emphasizing its importance in the manufacturing process. Various methods of pharmaceutical drying, including air drying, vacuum drying, freeze-drying, and spray drying, are discussed, and a comparison between these methods is provided. Factors that influence pharmaceutical drying, such as physical and chemical properties of the product, drying temperature, drying time, pressure, humidity, and solvent properties, are examined. The chapter also highlights the challenges associated with pharmaceutical drying, including product stability and degradation, loss of potency, residual solvents, and the formation of amorphous or crystalline solids. Strategies to overcome these challenges, such as process optimization, the use of drying aids, control of drying parameters, and formulation considerations, are explored. Quality control measures in pharmaceutical drying, including the monitoring of residual moisture and solvent levels, characterization of dried products, and adherence to regulatory guidelines, are discussed

An avian influenza A(H11N1) virus from a wild aquatic bird revealing a unique Eurasian-American genetic reassortment

Influenza surveillance in different wild bird populations is critical for understanding the persistence, transmission and evolution of these viruses. Avian influenza (AI) surveillance was undertaken in wild migratory and resident birds during the period 2007–2008, in view of the outbreaks of highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 in poultry in India since 2006. In this study, we present the whole genome sequence data along with the genetic and virological characterization of an Influenza A(H11N1) virus isolated from wild aquatic bird for the first time from India. The virus was low pathogenicity and phylogenetic analysis revealed that it was distinct from reported H11N1 viruses. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed maximum similarity with A/semipalmatedsandpiper/Delaware/2109/2000 (H11N6) and A/shorebird/Delaware/236/2003(H11N9) while the neuraminidase (NA) gene showed maximum similarity with A/duck/Mongolia/540/2001(H1N1). The virus thus possessed an HA gene of the American lineage. The NA and other six genes were of the Eurasian lineage and showed closer relatedness to non-H11 viruses. Such a genetic reassortment is unique and interesting, though the pathways leading to its emergence and its future persistence in the avian reservoir is yet to be fully established

A HIGH-PERFORMANCE STABILITY-INDICATING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC NOVEL METHOD FOR DETERMINING RECOMBINANT HUMAN ERYTHROPOIETIN IN BULK AND DOSAGE FORM: HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR DEFERIPRONE IN DOSAGE FORM

For the simultaneous estimation of Deferiprone in pharmaceutical formulations, a high-performance liquid chromatographic technique that is straightforward, reproducible, and effective was developed. The Advanced Technologies Ltd HPLC system with a UV-2075 UV- Vis detector, P-2080 HPLC pump, and a Hypersil C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm) was used to perform the chromatographic separation. ACN and water make up the mobile phase (55:45 v/v). The solvent system was flowing at a rate of 1.0 ml/min. 4.7 grammes of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and 1 millilitre of triethyl amine were used as the buffer, and orthophosphoric acid was used to bring the pH of the solution to 4.0 0.05. The sample volume was 20 μl, as well as the temperature range was kept at room temperature. The developed method for simultaneously determining Deferiprone in pharmaceutical formulations was found to be more accurate, precise, and selective

Oleic Acid Coated Gelatin Nanoparticles Impregnated Gel for Sustained Delivery of Zaltoprofen: Formulation and Textural Characterization

Purpose: In the present study, we have formulated zaltoprofen loaded, surface decorated, biodegradable gelatin nanogel and evaluated its texture characterization. Methods: The method used to prepare gelatin nanoparticles (GNP) was ‘two step desolvation’ and its surface decoration was performed with oleic acid (OA). The GNP was optimized by DOE software. Nanogels were evaluated for particle size entrapment efficiency, texture properties, SEM, in-vitro, ex-vivo drug release studies, in-vitro characterization, stability and in vivo evaluation of nanogel for anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by carrageenan induced rat paw edema method as an anti-inflammatory experimental model. Results: The formulated GNP with particle size and entrapment efficiency of optimized batch was found to be 247.1 nm and 76.21% respectively. The SEM of GNP shows smooth and spherical shape. In-vitro and Ex-vivo drug release shows that there was 69.47% and 78.59% drug released within 48 hrs. It follows Ritger peppas model, which indicates sustained drug release. The good texture properties of nanogel were observed from texture analysis graphs.In vivo studies of our formulation give significant results compared to the marketed nanogel. Stability data revealed stability of nanogel formulation up to 3 months. Conclusion: The present approach can provide us promising results of the sustained analgesic activity and the stability of drug within the GNP