Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

Incidence of vascular occlusive events by tertiles of predicted probability of death due to bleeding for 19,298 adult trauma patients without missing data.

<p>Incidence of vascular occlusive events by tertiles of predicted probability of death due to bleeding for 19,298 adult trauma patients without missing data.</p

Univariate analysis^* of 20,127 trauma patients with outcome data from the CRASH2 trial, showing odds ratios (95% CI) for risk factors for fatal and non-fatal venous (PE and VT), arterial (MI and stroke) and death due to bleeding.

<p>p values are likelihood ratio tests for association.</p>*<p>univariate analysis with χ2 test.</p><p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; RR: respiratory rate; CCRT: capillary refill time; HR: heart rate in beats per minute; GCS: Glasgow Coma Score; mild (13–15), moderate (9–12), severe (3–8).</p

Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for demographic and physiological risk factors for fatal and non-fatal venous (DVT and PE) and arterial events (MI and stroke) and death due to bleeding for 20,127 adult trauma patients from the CRASH2 trial.

<p>p values are likelihood ratio tests for association.</p>*<p>likelihood ratio test for trend.</p><p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; RR: respiratory rate; CCRT: capillary refill time; HR: heart rate in beats per minute; GCS: Glasgow Coma Score.</p>A<p>: Model 1 includes country, sex, age and type of injury.</p>B<p>: Model 2 includes model 1 and time since injury.</p>C<p>: Model 3 includes model 2 and SBP and GCS.</p>D<p>: Model 4 includes model 2 and RR and GCS.</p>E<p>: Model 5 includes model 2 and CCRT and GCS.</p>F<p>: Model 6 includes model 2 and HR and GCS.</p

Distribution of Total DALYs (102,108,000) by Major Causes in LAC Countries in the Year 2000, Estimated by the Global Burden of Disease Study

<p>Latin American and Caribbean countries included are listed in <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030344#journal.pmed.0030344.g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p

Resource use and Unit Costs.

<p>Resource use and Unit Costs.</p

Distribution of Total Deaths (3,537,000) by Major Causes in LAC Countries in 2000, Estimated by the Global Burden of Disease Study

<p>The Latin American and Caribbean countries included are Anguilla, Antigua and Bermuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadalupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay, US Virgin Islands, and Venezuela.</p

Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves showing the probability of TXA being cost effective in Tanzania, India and the UK.

<p>Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves showing the probability of TXA being cost effective in Tanzania, India and the UK.</p

Hazard rate following trauma.

<p>Hazard rate following trauma.</p

Meta-analysis pooled estimates from treatment-only analysis of the association of any <i>CYP2D6</i> reduced function alleles vs. none with individual outcomes.

<p><b>Footnotes</b>: Non-fatal events included breast cancer outcomes that were not fatal.</p