Supplementary Figures

Supplementary Figure

tooth_fossil

tooth_fossi

Multiples lines of evidence unveil cryptic diversity in the <i>Lophostoma brasiliense</i> (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) complex

Phenotypically similar species – often called cryptic species – represent a challenge for taxonomy and conservation biology because they are usually undetectable to scientists. To unravel these cryptic taxa, studies now employ data from different sources under an integrative approach. We present an assessment of the cryptic diversity of the Lophostoma brasiliense species complex (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) based on multiple lines of evidence (molecular, morphological, morphometric, and geographic data) and using molecular (ABGD, ASAP, GMYC, and bPTP) and phenotypic (distance-based approaches and Normal Mixture Model Analyses) species delimitation methods. Our analyses recognized two distinct lineages with clear allopatric distributions. One lineage corresponds to Lophostoma brasiliense with a cis-Andean distribution and the other to the formerly species Lophostoma nicaraguae with a trans-Andean distribution. The two lineages probably diverged from a vicariant speciation driven by the uplift of the Andes less than six million years ago. Our work also shows that the wide range of environmental conditions during the recent history of South America may have promoted restrictions to gene flow among the populations of Lophostoma brasiliense. Finally, we raised L. nicaraguae to species level clarifying the species limit and morphological characteristics of lineages, and we provide an emended diagnosis and comparisons between the two taxa. We highlight the need for multiple lines of evidence to solve the remaining taxonomic problems among the remaining species complexes in Lophostoma.</p

Appendix 10 Diatoms-user-results

Online Appendix 10. Diatom user score

Appendix 12 Lilies-user-results

Online Appendix 12. Lilies user scores

Appendix 15 all-users-results

line Appendix 15. Combined results for all users. Details for Figure 3

Appendix 3 Anemones-character-taxon-results

Online Appendix 3. Sea anemones character scores. For each character and taxon in the anemones matrix, we show the probability (“Estimate”) that a crowd member’s score would agree with the majority vote of the crowd. We also show the lower confidence interval on this probability (ci.lower), which is the crowd confidence score. Finally, we indicate whether the majority vote was correct, and compute an ROC curve for the crowd’s scores. The Threshold Plot worksheet provides a visualization of this information

Appendix 1 - List of six matrices developed for this study.

Online Appendix 1. List of six matrices developed for this study, including character names, types of characters, and assessment of character difficulty by experts. See also Morphobank (www.morphobank.org) projects P950, P2463, P2502, P2490, P2491, and P2577

Appendix 20 Instructions to Crowd

Online Appendix 20. Instruction sheets for the study participants (undergraduate students at Ohio State University)

Appendix 5 Bats-character-taxon-results

Online Appendix 5. Bats character scores