21 research outputs found

    STM Studies of Synthetic Peptide Monolayers

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    We have used scanning probe microscopy to investigate self-assembled monolayers of chemically synthesized peptides. We find that the peptides form a dense uniform monolayer, above which is found a sparse additional layer. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, submolecular resolution can be obtained, revealing the alpha helices which constitute the peptide. The nature of the images is not significantly affected by the incorporation of redox cofactors (hemes) in the peptides.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures (4 gifs); to appear in the Proceedings of the XIIth Int. Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials "Molecular Nanostructures", Kirchberg/Tyrol, Febr. 199

    Test d'usure d'outils modifiés ou non lors du déroulage de MDF

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    International audienceDes revĂȘtements Ă  base de nitrure de chrome rĂ©alisĂ©s par pulvĂ©risation triode ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s en dĂ©roulage et dĂ©fonçage du bois. L'efficacitĂ© des revĂȘtements triode a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©e en usinage de MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard), donc dans des conditions sĂ©vĂšres de coupe, ainsi qu'en dĂ©fonçage d'OSB (Oriented Strand Board) oĂč un revĂȘtement CrN de 1ÎŒm d'Ă©paisseur permet d'usiner 9 fois plus qu'un outil non revĂȘtu [1]. Le but de cette Ă©tude est d'examiner comment on peut amĂ©liorer la tenue Ă  l'usure des outils de coupe dans l'opĂ©ration de dĂ©roulage du MDF, en traitant la partie active de l'outil. Les modifications des surfaces actives des couteaux consistent Ă  appliquer des films durs (CrAlN, CrSiN), qui ont dĂ©jĂ  donnĂ© des rĂ©sultats prometteurs dans l'opĂ©ration de dĂ©fonçage du MDF [2], l'un des facteurs limitant dont il faut nous affranchir est l'adhĂ©rence des couches dĂ©posĂ©es sur les outils de coupe. C'est pourquoi nous avons testĂ© des traitements duplex (nitruration ionique+dĂ©pĂŽt magnĂ©tron). Ces revĂȘtements ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s en simulant les chocs que peuvent gĂ©nĂ©rer les noeuds dans un billon. Les revĂȘtements de CrAlN ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s par PVD sur un bĂąti dual magnĂ©tron RF alors que les couches de CrSiN ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues par l'institut FEMTO/ST de Besançon dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche. La nitruration ionique a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e dans un four de traitement thermochimique BMI. Le processus d'usinage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© sur une microdĂ©rouleuse instrumentĂ©e, le matĂ©riau utilisĂ© Ă©tant du MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard)

    Structure, propriĂ©tĂ©s, mĂ©caniques et rĂ©sistance Ă  l'oxydation de revbĂȘtements durs de type nanocomposite Ă©laborĂ©s par pulvĂ©risation magnĂ©tron rĂ©active (influence de la nature des Ă©lĂ©ments constitutifs de films Zr-Si-N, Zr-Ge-N et Ti-Si-N)

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    Les revĂȘtements nanocomposites, apparus dans le milieu des annĂ©es 90, permettent d'accroĂźtre efficacement les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et la rĂ©sistance Ă  l'oxydation Ă  chaud de nitrure de mĂ©taux de transition traditionnellement rencontrĂ©s dans la protection d'outils de coupe et de mise en forme. L'objectif de ce travail consiste en l'Ă©tude des effets du non-mĂ©tal sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s de revĂȘtements durs des systĂšmes Zr-Si-N, Zr-Ge-N et Ti-Si-N Ă©laborĂ©s par pulvĂ©risation magnĂ©tron rĂ©active. Une Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire a permis de distinguer les conditions opĂ©ratoires permettant d'obtenir des films de ZrN et de TiN les plus proche de la stƓchiomĂ©trie. Nous montrons que les systĂšmes dopĂ©s au silicium passent d'une solution solide Ă  une structure nanocomposite puis amorphe selon la teneur en silicium des couches. Les effets de la composition et de la tension de polarisation sur l'ensemble des propriĂ©tĂ©s de ces films sont aussi envisagĂ©s. Nos investigations montrent que leur structure nanocomposite apportent une amĂ©lioration de la rĂ©sistance Ă  l'oxydation et des propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques aux films Ă  base de silicium. Pour le systĂšme Zr-Ge-N, la nitruration plus difficile du germanium ne semble pas conduire Ă  la sĂ©grĂ©gation nĂ©cessaire Ă  l'Ă©tablissement d'une structure nanocomposite mais conduit Ă  une meilleure tenue Ă  l'oxydation. De maniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©rale, le dopant joue un rĂŽle actif dans la stabilisation par effet de " taille de grains " de la couche d'oxyde formĂ©e.Nanostructured coatings, born in the middle of nineteenth, are able to improve efficiently mechanical and oxidation resistance of transition metal nitrides usually encountered in the field of tool protecting and forming coatings. The aim of this work consists in the study of sputter deposited Zr-Si-N, Zr-Ge-N and Ti-Si-N hard coatings. Preliminary study presents the best elaboration conditions bringing to the nearest stoichiometric nitride films. This work shows that the structure of silicon containing systems passes from a solid solution to a nanocomposite and an amorphous one versus the film's silicon contents. Composition and bias voltage effects are also envisaged in term of control of the main properties of the films. Oxidation resistance and mechanical properties show a good compromise when a nanocomposite structure is reached. Despite a good oxidation resistance, the lower nitridation of the Ge seems not leading to the formation of nanocomposite coatings for the Zr-Ge-N system. By and large, the occurrence of the oxide phase is linked by a grain size effect when adding a doping element.BELFORT-BU L. FEBVRE (900102102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Test d’usure d’outils modifiĂ©s ou non lors du dĂ©roulage de MDF

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    Des revĂȘtements Ă  base de nitrure de chrome rĂ©alisĂ©s par pulvĂ©risation triode ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s en dĂ©roulage et dĂ©fonçage du bois. L’efficacitĂ© des revĂȘtements triode a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©e en usinage de MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard), donc dans des conditions sĂ©vĂšres de coupe, ainsi qu’en dĂ©fonçage d’OSB (Oriented Strand Board) oĂč un revĂȘtement CrN de 1ÎŒm d’épaisseur permet d’usiner 9 fois plus qu’un outil non revĂȘtu [1]. Le but de cette Ă©tude est d’examiner comment on peut amĂ©liorer la tenue Ă  l’usure des outils de coupe dans l’opĂ©ration de dĂ©roulage du MDF, en traitant la partie active de l’outil. Les modifications des surfaces actives des couteaux consistent Ă  appliquer des films durs (CrAlN, CrSiN), qui ont dĂ©jĂ  donnĂ© des rĂ©sultats prometteurs dans l’opĂ©ration de dĂ©fonçage du MDF [2], l’un des facteurs limitant dont il faut nous affranchir est l’adhĂ©rence des couches dĂ©posĂ©es sur les outils de coupe. C’est pourquoi nous avons testĂ© des traitements duplex (nitruration ionique+dĂ©pĂŽt magnĂ©tron). Ces revĂȘtements ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s en simulant les chocs que peuvent gĂ©nĂ©rer les noeuds dans un billon. Les revĂȘtements de CrAlN ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s par PVD sur un bĂąti dual magnĂ©tron RF alors que les couches de CrSiN ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues par l’institut FEMTO/ST de Besançon dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche. La nitruration ionique a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e dans un four de traitement thermochimique BMI. Le processus d’usinage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© sur une microdĂ©rouleuse instrumentĂ©e, le matĂ©riau utilisĂ© Ă©tant du MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard)

    Etude de systÚmes ternaires à base de Cr et N pour applications mécaniques sur outils de coupe destinés à la transformation du bois

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    Les actes de ce colloque francophone ont Ă©tĂ© mis sur un CD-Rom, pas en version papier.Le prĂ©sent travail se propose d'Ă©tudier les propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques et mĂ©caniques de revĂȘtements PVD nanocristallins ou nanocomposites (CrAlN, CrSiN) obtenus sur diffĂ©rents substrats et destinĂ©s Ă  la premiĂšre et seconde transformation du bois une fois leur optimisation effectuĂ©e. Pour cela, les couches de CrAlN obtenues par magnĂ©tron RF ont subit des observations au MEB afin de dĂ©terminer la morphologie des couches alors que de la microanalyse EDS a dĂ©fini leur composition. La structure des couches a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©e par diffraction de rayons X. Nous avons alors mesurĂ© l’épaisseur des couches par profilomĂ©trie et par interfĂ©romĂ©trie puis on en a dĂ©duit les contraintes internes de celles-ci. L’adhĂ©rence et la duretĂ© des couches ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues par scratch-tests et nanoindentation. Enfin, des analyses plus fines telles que de l’XPS et du SIMS ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es afin de dĂ©terminer les phases en prĂ©sence dans ces couches. La co-pulvĂ©risation rĂ©active des cibles de Cr et Si en position confocale, est un procedĂ© sĂ©duisant pour l’élaboration de films de CrSiN avec une structure nanocomposite du type nc-CrN/a-SiNx. Les analyses EDS et les caractĂ©risations par DRX et nanoindentation confirment dans ces films la prĂ©sence de phase cristallisĂ©e de type CrN et la possibilitĂ© de faire varier leur teneur en silicium corrĂ©lĂ©e avec des changements de duretĂ©.Conseil RĂ©gional de Bourgogne ainsi que le Conseil RĂ©gional de Franche-ComtĂ© dans le cadre de ce projet transrĂ©gional intitulĂ© « ROBUS », CTBA cofinanceur de la thĂšse de C. Labid

    Transmittance enhancement and optical band gap widening of Cu2O thin films after air annealing

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    Équipe 104 : NanomatĂ©riauxInternational audienceCu2O thin films have been grown on glass substrates at room temperature by reactive magnetron sputtering. As-deposited films exhibit high electrical resistivity and low optical transmittance. To improve the film properties, post annealing treatments in air at various temperatures have been performed. Low temperature annealing (<300 degrees C) avoids the film oxidation into CuO and the films remain single-phased. In this temperature range, the annealing in air enhances the transmittance in the visible region due to the decrease of the defect scattering. Moreover, the optical band gap of Cu2O thin films is enlarged from 2.38 to 2.51 eV with increasing annealing temperature. The increase of optical band gap accompanying the reduction of Urbach energy indicates that the widening of optical band gap may result from the partial elimination of defect band tail after thermal annealing in air. Combining experimental results with recent reported calculations, the peak at about 1.7 eV in photoluminescence spectra is assigned to the recombination of first conduction band minimum to copper vacancy

    Thermo-kinetic approach to the crystallization mechanism of thermochromic SmNiO<sub>3</sub> thin films:An in situ study in air-annealing

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    Rare-earth nickelates (RNiO3) are an interesting oxide family because of their remarkable and reversible properties related to their structural changes. However, until recently, nickelates were difficult to synthesize without severe or sophisticated conditions. Consequently, a deep understanding of the nucleation and growth process for these versatile perovskites still lacks to date. Here, by correlation of the theory and the experimental data, is presented a clarification of the crystallization mechanism involved for SmNiO3-Ύ thin films synthesized by a simple route that combines reactive magnetron sputtering and air-annealing. A thermo-kinetic approach to the amorphous-to-crystalline phase transformation is developed after following the evolution over time at 475, 500, and 525 °C through in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. Then, the kinetic parameters, the optimal temperature, and the necessary activation energy of transformation are determined from the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) model. Notably, the emergence of contrasting grains created on the free surfaces compared to the nanocrystallites formed from the bulk is revealed from the detailed study at 500 °C by Transmission electron microscopy. As classical nucleation theory outlines, such a growth difference is associated with heterogeneous and homogeneous processes. Furthermore, the progression with the annealing time of the crucial stabilization of the Ni3+ and the electronic structure is analyzed by Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Finally, the optical properties measurements demonstrate a metal-insulator transition (MIT) at 125 °C, a thermochromic performance of 32%, and mainly, the crystallization significance to achieve functional nickelates thin films, which pave the way as promising candidates for solar thermal applications.</p

    Physical and Mechanical Properties of CrAlN and CrSiN Ternary Systems for Wood Machining Applications

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    International audienceNowadays, almost all the cutting tools in metal machining are protected with a surface treatment. Nevertheless, this is not the case in woodmachining where no tools are protected, except by thermal treatments, and so they present a previous wear because of the use of steel or carbide materials in milling, sawing, routing, etc. During these processes, the tools are particularly exposed to abrasive and shock wear. To enhance their wear resistance, one solution is to protect them with hard coatings. The present study deals with the development of ternary systems (CrAlN and CrSiN) obtained by two PVD different magnetron sputtering systems [‘A’ (laboratory where CrAlN layershave been obtained) and ‘B’ (laboratory where CrSiN layers have been obtained) in the following text] on carbide WC–Co tools used in second transformation of wood to be compared to the binary CrN one. CrAlN and CrSiN films were deposited with different Al and Si contents, respectively, in order to check the effect of the additive element (Al or Si) on the different properties of the Cr–N system. The different coatings were characterized by SEM and EDS for thickness measurements, morphology and composition analyses, respectively, by nanoindentation for hardness and Young’s modulus measurements and by pin-on-disc to determine their friction coefficient. Routing of medium density fibreboard (MDF) was realized employing untreated or modified carbide WC–Cotools in order to compare their wear resistance. We observed that the Al and the Si addition improved the hardness and the Young’s modulus of the Cr–N system (‘A’: 29 and 410 GPa, respectively, ‘B’: 18 and 280 GPa, respectively). Indeed, the hardness values are 15–36GPa for CrAlN and 15–24 GPa for CrSiN coatings. Besides, the Young’s modulus values are 331–520GPa for CrAlN and 260–320 GPa for CrSiN coatings. The friction coefficient of the CrAlN layers varied between 0.6 and 0.7 and it increased slightly with the Al content. For the CrSiN coatings, the friction coefficientwas lower and about 0.4. In both cases, the CrN layers ‘A’ and ‘B’ presented similar friction coefficient than CrAlN and CrSiN, respectively. During the routing of MDF, the CrN ‘A’ coating has a similar wear behaviour than the optimized CrAlN one (5 at.% of Al) while the optimized CrSiN coating (1.2 at.% of Si) showed a better behaviour against wear than the CrN ‘B’ one. The wear resistance of CrAlN- and CrSiN-coated carbide tools ecreased when the Al and Si contents increased
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