Impact of birth weight and daily weight gain during suckling on the weight gain of weaning piglets.

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Organic nitrogen in a typic hapludox fertilized with pig slurry.

The application of pig slurry may have a different effect on nitrogen dynamics in soil compared to mineral fertilization. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the different forms of organic N in a Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (Typic Hapludox) and their relationship to N uptake by crops in response to 10 years of annual application of pig slurry and mineral fertilizer. The treatments were application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha-1 of pig slurry, in addition to mineral fertilizer, organized in a randomized block design with four replications. The N contents were determined in the plant tissue and in the forms of total N and acid hydrolyzed fractions: ammonium-N, hexosamine-N, ?-amino-N, amide-N, and unidentified-N. Annual application of pig slurry or mineral fertilizer increased the total-N content in the 0-10 cm depth layer. The main fractions of organic N in the soil were ?-amino-N when pig slurry was applied and unidentified-N in the case of mineral fertilizers. Pig slurry increased the N fractions considered as labile: ?-amino-N, ammonium-N, and amide-N. The increase in these labile organic N fractions in the soil through pig slurry application allows greater N uptake by the maize and oat crops in a no-tillage system. A aplicação de dejeto suíno pode influenciar na dinâmica do nitrogênio no solo de forma distinta em comparação à adubação mineral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as diferentes formas de N orgânico em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico e sua relação com a absorção de N pelas culturas, em resposta a 10 anos de aplicação anual de dejeto suíno e adubo mineral. Os tratamentos foram as doses 0, 25, 50, 100 e 200 m3 ha-1 de dejeto suíno, além da adubação na forma mineral, organizados em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram determinados os teores de N no tecido vegetal e de N total nas frações hidrolisadas em meio ácido: N-amônio, N-hexosamina, N-?-amino, N-amido e N-não identificado do solo. A aplicação anual de dejeto suíno ou adubo mineral aumentou o teor de N total na camada de 0-10 cm de profundidade. As principais frações do N orgânico no solo foram N-?-amino, quando utilizado dejeto suíno e N-não identificado no caso do adubo mineral. O dejeto suíno aumentou as frações do N consideradas lábeis, N-?-amino, N-amônio e N-amida. Esse aumento das formas lábeis de N orgânico no solo, pela aplic

Efeito do nível de energia metabolizável da dieta sobre a composição de carcaça de frangos de corte de três diferentes linhagens.

ABSTRACT : The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet energy level over carcass composition of broilers from three different commercial genetics. A completely randomized design was used, and treatments followed a factorial design with three dietary energy values (low, medium and high) and three genetics (A, B and C). Percentages of fat, protein, water and collagen in the carcass were evaluated at 42 days old. The data was submitted to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test with 5% of probability. There was no interaction between energy and genetic (P>0,05). The genetics differed by carcass fat and protein values. Low energy diet resulted in higher fat percentage, while high diet energy improved carcass protein and water content. The use of high energy diets allowed for better expression of broilers? genetic potential for muscular tissue deposition. Resumo: Na produção avícola atual, além de ótimo peso de abate e melhor conversão alimentar, tem se buscado qualidade na composição da carcaça, visando atender as exigências do mercado consumidor. A seleção genética para rápido crescimento leva a adoção de novos critérios de manejo e nutrição para maximizar o bem estar animal, produtividade e otimizar custos, bem como gerar produtos de qualidade. Estudos demonstram que o nível energético da dieta é um fator de forte influência sobre a qualidade da carcaça de frangos e que níveis maiores de energia na dieta podem levar a maior deposição de gordura abdominal (Barbosa et al., 2008; Rosa et al., 2007; Meza et al., 2015). O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de energia sobre a composição de carcaça de frangos de corte machos de três diferentes linhagens

Temporal networks of face-to-face human interactions

The ever increasing adoption of mobile technologies and ubiquitous services allows to sense human behavior at unprecedented levels of details and scale. Wearable sensors are opening up a new window on human mobility and proximity at the finest resolution of face-to-face proximity. As a consequence, empirical data describing social and behavioral networks are acquiring a longitudinal dimension that brings forth new challenges for analysis and modeling. Here we review recent work on the representation and analysis of temporal networks of face-to-face human proximity, based on large-scale datasets collected in the context of the SocioPatterns collaboration. We show that the raw behavioral data can be studied at various levels of coarse-graining, which turn out to be complementary to one another, with each level exposing different features of the underlying system. We briefly review a generative model of temporal contact networks that reproduces some statistical observables. Then, we shift our focus from surface statistical features to dynamical processes on empirical temporal networks. We discuss how simple dynamical processes can be used as probes to expose important features of the interaction patterns, such as burstiness and causal constraints. We show that simulating dynamical processes on empirical temporal networks can unveil differences between datasets that would otherwise look statistically similar. Moreover, we argue that, due to the temporal heterogeneity of human dynamics, in order to investigate the temporal properties of spreading processes it may be necessary to abandon the notion of wall-clock time in favour of an intrinsic notion of time for each individual node, defined in terms of its activity level. We conclude highlighting several open research questions raised by the nature of the data at hand.Comment: Chapter of the book "Temporal Networks", Springer, 2013. Series: Understanding Complex Systems. Holme, Petter; Saram\"aki, Jari (Eds.

Utilização estratégica de gramíneas anuais de verão para vazio forrageiro outonal e cobertura de solo.

Culturas como milheto e sorgos são espécies de crescimento intensivo, altamente produtivos e de elevado valor nutritivo. Geralmente são estabelecidos em sucessão aos cereais de inverno e pastagens anuais, muito importantes para sistemas de produção intensivos principalmente para bovinos confinados, vacas leiteiras, novilhas e terneiras de reposição na região sul-brasileira. Na região tropical brasileira é cultivado na safrinha e como cobertura de solo