A PATH-BASED CHARGE COLLECTION TECHNIQUE TO TRACK EACH PASSENGER

Journeys from automated fare collection (AFC) system data are described. It proposes new spatial validation features to improve the precision of destination inference results and also to verify key assumptions contained in previous origin-destination estimation literature. The methodology pertains to entry-only system configurations coupled with distance-based fare structures, also it aims to boost raw AFC system data using the destination of person journeys. This paper describes a formula designed to implement the methodology and also the is a result of its application to bus service data from Porto. The information connect with an AFC system integrated by having an automatic vehicle location system that records a transaction for every passenger boarding a bus, that contains attributes concerning the route, the automobile, and also the travel card used, combined with the sometime and the place that the journey started. A few of these are recorded with regards to allowing onboard ticket inspection but furthermore enable innovative spatial validation features created by the methodology. The outcomes brought towards the conclusion the methodology works well for estimating journey destinations in the disaggregate level and identifies false positives reliably

N 1,N 2-Bis[(2-chloro-6-methyl­quinolin-3-yl)methyl­idene]ethane-1,2-diamine

The title mol­ecule, C24H20Cl2N4, lies on an inversion center in an extended trans conformation. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯Cl inter­actions connect the mol­ecules into chains along [010]

3-(4-Bromo­phen­yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde

In the title compound, C16H11BrN2O, the phenyl and chloro­benzene rings are twisted out of the mean plane of the pyrazole ring, forming dihedral angles of 13.70 (10) and 36.48 (10)°, respectively. The carbaldehyde group is also twisted out of the pyrazole plane [the C—C—C—O torsion angle is 7.9 (3)°]. A helical supra­molecular chain along the b axis and mediated by C—H⋯O inter­actions is the most prominent feature of the crystal packing

[meso-5,10,15,20-Tetra­kis(5-bromo­thio­phen-2-yl)porphyrinato-κ4 N,N′,N′′,N′′′]nickel(II)

The NiII atom in the title porphyrin complex, [Ni(C36H16Br4N4S4)], is in a square-planar geometry defined by four pyrrole N atoms. There is considerable buckling in the porphyrin ring with the dihedral angles between the N4 donor set and the pyrrole rings being in the range 17.0 (3)–18.8 (3)°. Each of the six-membered chelate rings is twisted about an Ni—N bond and the dihedral angles between diagonally opposite chelate rings are 13.08 (15) and 13.45 (11)°; each pair of rings is orientated in opposite directions. The bromo­thienyl rings are twisted out of the plane of the central N4 core with dihedral angles in the range 51.7 (2)–74.65 (19)°. Supra­molecular chains along [001] are formed through C—H⋯Br inter­actions in the crystal packing. Three of the four bromo­thienyl units are disordered over two coplanar positions of opposite orientation with the major components being in 0.691 (3), 0.738 (3) and 0.929 (9) fractions

N,N′-Bis[(E)-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)methyl­idene]ethane-1,2-diamine

The full mol­ecule of the title compound, C12H10Cl2N2S2, is generated by the application of a centre of inversion. The thio­phene and imine residues are co-planar [the N—C—C—S torsion angle is −2.5 (4)°] and the conformation about the imine bond [1.268 (4) Å] is E. Supra­molecular arrays are formed in the bc plane via C—Cl⋯π inter­actions and these stack along the a axis

N,N′-Bis[(E)-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)methyl­idene]ethane-1,2-diamine

Two independent half-mol­ecules, each being completed by inversion symmetry, comprise the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H16N2S2. The major difference between the mol­ecules is found in the central C—C bond [the C—N—C—C torsion angles are 114.66 (18) and 128.94 (18)° in the two mol­ecules]. The thio­phene and imine groups are almost co-planar in each case [S—C—C—N torsion angles = −6.9 (2) and −3.6 (2)°]. In the crystal, the mol­ecules aggregate into supra­molecular chains via C—H⋯π inter­actions

COMPARATIVE PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY EVALUATION OF HEART WOOD AND SMALL BRANCHES OF AQUILARIA AGALLOCHA ROXB.

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. commonly called as Agaru is a medicinal plant. Heartwood of this tree is widely used in Ayurveda for various diseases. Removal of heart wood from trunk of this tree may make this plant weak and susceptible to damage due to which availability of this plant may be difficult in near future. Present study outlines the concept of plant part substitution. Heart wood and small branches of A. agallocha are compared on the basis of physicochemical analysis, phytochemical analysis, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) to evaluate the possibilities of using small branches instead of heart wood. Physicochemical parameters of heartwood and small branches and phytochemical analysis of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of both heart wood and small branches were carried out using standard methods. Total phenolics and total flavonoids were estimated spectrophotometrically using Folin-ciocalteu assayand aluminum chloride assaymethods, respectively. CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with semi-automatic applicator was used for HPTLC of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of stem bark and small braches using suitable mobile phases. Results of phytochemical analysis and HPTLC of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed many similarities whichsuggest that small branches may have nearly similar active potency like heart wood and may be used as a substitute of heart wood after comparison and confirmation of same for pharmacological activities

SUBSTITUTION OF ROOTS WITH SMALL BRANCHES OF RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA FOR THERAPEUTIC USES - A PHYTOCHEMICAL APPROACH

Rauwolfia serpentina commonly called Sarpagandha is a medicinal plant widely used in Ayurveda. As per the Ayurvedic literature, roots of this plant are used in cardiac disorder, cancer, mental illness and psychiatric disorder. To collect roots for medicinal purpose whole plant is uprooted on a mass scale from their natural habitat which is leading to depletion of resources, due to which plant may be difficult in near future for use in traditional systems of medicine. Present study was carried out to assess possibilities of using small branches of R. serpentina in place of its roots which will help in conservation of this plant and availability of raw material for therapeutic purposes. Roots and small branches of R. serpentina are compared on the basis of physicochemical analysis, phytochemical analysis, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) to evaluate the possibilities of using small branches in place of its roots. Results of phytochemical analysis and HPTLC of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed many similarities whichsuggest that small branches may have nearly similar active constituents like roots and may be used as a substitute of roots after comparison and confirmation of same for pharmacological activities

ISOLATED ENTERIC SPLENIC LESION IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT HOST: AN INTERESTING CASE REPORT

Splenic abscess is often an unrecognized complication of enteric fever. Diagnosis is difficult because of its rarity, insidious onset, and non-specific presentation. We report an interesting case of splenic lesion in an immunocompetent adolescent with no other comorbidities, who presented with history and clinical presentation more suggestive of tubercular etiology. However, culture from the CT-guided fine-needle aspirate grew Gram-negative bacilli, identified as Salmonella Typhi which was sensitive to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone. He responded favorably with oral antibiotics without any further surgical intervention. High degree of clinical awareness with timely and appropriate microbiological evaluation helped into an early definitive diagnosis of enteric splenic abscess. This case highlights that in this era of emerging infections, we should not miss the atypical presentations of the endemic diseases. Safe and minimally invasive radiological intervention with good microbiological correlation is a successful spleen conserving treatment alternative to surgery in suitable patients of splenic abscess

Antioxidant Phytochemicals as Novel Therapeutic Strategies against Drug-Resistant Bacteria

The antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a major concern and the emergence of novel multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains are a growing threat worldwide. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a serious problem of public health that concerns almost all antibacterial agents and that manifests in all fields of their application. Therefore, novel antimicrobial compounds against new bacterial targets and drug resistance mechanisms are urgently needed. Plants are well-known sources of structurally diverse phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenes, which plays important roles in human health. Plant-derived antimicrobial agents are an attractive and ongoing source of new therapeutics. Natural compounds that prevent and treat infections through dual action mechanisms such as oxidative stress against pathogens and antioxidant action in the host cell hold promising potential for developing novel therapeutics. Identification of detailed mechanisms of action of such phytomolecules with both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities may help to develop novel antimicrobial therapeutics and benefit overall human health. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize important antioxidant phytochemicals, and focusing on their potential role in the management of drug-resistant bacterial infections