A Monetary Misunderstanding: \u3cem\u3eSmith v. Gilmore\u3c/em\u3e and Baltimore\u27s Place in Turn of the 19th Century Globalization

As the young United States entered the 19th century, the City of Baltimore had become a major center of America’s international commerce. Baltimore had quickly risen from a relatively small town on the Chesapeake Bay to the home of the country\u27s third busiest trading port and one of its fastest growing cities in less than two decades. The case of Smith v. Gilmor (M.D. 1816), a lawsuit between two prominent Baltimore merchants, was emblematic of the early days of globalization and the confusion this clash of cultures caused in the world of international trade. The controversy in this case is placed over the backdrop of how the merchants and sailors of Baltimore helped to expand America’s economic influence across the globe during the early years of the nation despite the overwhelming power of the old European trading monopolies

An 82 Inclination Debris Cloud Revealed by Radar

The statistical debris measurement campaigns conducted by the Haystack Ultrawideband Satellite Imaging Radar on behalf of the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office are used to characterize the long-term behavior of the small, low Earth orbit (LEO) orbital debris environment. Recent analyses have revealed the presence of a persistent LEO small debris cloud, which has no accompanying large component, cataloged by the U.S. Space Surveillance Network. This cloud, at an inclination of approximately 82 and below 1200 km in altitude does, however, correspond to the heavily trafficked region of space that has suffered several known, accidental collisions, e.g., Cosmos 1934 and Cosmos 2251. In this paper, we describe the observed cloud and model it using the NASA Standard Satellite Breakup Model. Key features of the cloud model, including source attribution and debris mass constraints, are presented to enable further observations and characterization

Supersymmetric Fluid Dynamics

Recently Navier-Stokes (NS) equations have been derived from the duality between the black branes and a conformal fluid on the boundary of AdS_5. Nevertheless, the full correspondence has to be established between solutions of supergravity in AdS_5 and supersymmetric field theories on the boundary. That prompts the construction of NS equations for a supersymmetric fluid. In the framework of rigid susy, there are several possibilities and we propose one candidate. We deduce the equations of motion in two ways: both from the divergenless condition on the energy-momentum tensor and by a suitable parametrization of the auxiliary fields. We give the complete component expansion and a very preliminary analysis of the physics of this supersymmetric fluid.Comment: 24 pages, Latex2

Preparation of simulated lunar samples Final report

Techniques for shock loading and recovering mineral samples in simulated lunar condition

On Lorentz-Violating Supersymmetric Quantum Field Theories

We study the possibility of constructing Lorentz-violating supersymmetric quantum field theories under the assumption that these theories have to be described by lagrangians which are renormalizable by weighted power counting. Our investigation starts from the observation that at high energies Lorentz-violation and the usual supersymmetry algebra are algebraically compatible. Demanding linearity of the supercharges we see that the requirement of renormalizability drastically restricts the set of possible Lorentz-violating supersymmetric theories. In particular, in the case of supersymmetric gauge theories the weighted power counting has to coincide with the usual one and the only Lorentz-violating operators are introduced by some weighted constant c that explicitly appears in the supersymmetry algebra. This parameter does not renormalize and has to be very close to the speed of light at low energies in order to satisfy the strict experimental bounds on Lorentz violation. The only possible models with non trivial Lorentz-violating operators involve neutral chiral superfields and do not have a gauge invariant extension. We conclude that, under the assumption that high-energy physics can be described by a renormalizable Lorentz-violating extensions of the Standard Model, the Lorentz fine tuning problem does not seem solvable by the requirement of supersymmetry.Comment: 22 pages, 2 figure

A Note on Embedding of M-Theory Corrections into Eleven-Dimensional Superspace

By analyzing eleven-dimensional superspace fourth-rank superfield strength F-Bianchi identities, we show that M-theory corrections to eleven-dimensional supergravity can not be embedded into the mass dimension zero constraints, such as the (\g^{a b})_{\a\b} X_{a b}{}^c or i (\g^{a_1... a_5})_{\a\b} X_{a_1... a_5}{}^c -terms in the supertorsion constraint T_{\a\b}{}^c. The only possible modification of superspace constraint at dimension zero is found to be the scaling of F_{\a\b c d} like F_{\a\b c d} = (1/2) \big(\g_{c d}\big)_{\a\b} e^\Phi for some real scalar superfield \Phi, which alone is further shown not enough to embed general M-theory corrections. This conclusion is based on the dimension zero F-Bianchi identity under the two assumptions: (i) There are no negative dimensional constraints on the F-superfield strength: F_{\a\b\g\d} = F_{\a\b\g d} =0; (ii) The supertorsion T-Bianchi identities and F-Bianchi identities are not modified by Chern-Simons terms. Our result can serve as a powerful tool for future exploration of M-theory corrections embedded into eleven-dimensional superspace supergravity.Comment: 14 pages, latex, some minor typos corrected, as well as old section 5 deleted, due to the subtlety about Chern-Simons term in F-Bianchi identitie

Letter from P. G. Gates to John Muir, 1913 May 27 .

[letterhead]May 29th 1913Mr. John MuirMartinez Cal.Dear Mr Muir:The copy of the Story of my Boyhood and Youth which you so kindly sent me was received today at Mr. Vromens.To say that I am delighted but mildly express it, Sometimes when you are down this way I wish that you would autograph it, if not asking too much.Assuring you of my appreciation of the remittance, and wishing you continued good health.yours sincerelyP.G. Gates0546

Element-centric clustering comparison unifies overlaps and hierarchy

Clustering is one of the most universal approaches for understanding complex data. A pivotal aspect of clustering analysis is quantitatively comparing clusterings; clustering comparison is the basis for many tasks such as clustering evaluation, consensus clustering, and tracking the temporal evolution of clusters. In particular, the extrinsic evaluation of clustering methods requires comparing the uncovered clusterings to planted clusterings or known metadata. Yet, as we demonstrate, existing clustering comparison measures have critical biases which undermine their usefulness, and no measure accommodates both overlapping and hierarchical clusterings. Here we unify the comparison of disjoint, overlapping, and hierarchically structured clusterings by proposing a new element-centric framework: elements are compared based on the relationships induced by the cluster structure, as opposed to the traditional cluster-centric philosophy. We demonstrate that, in contrast to standard clustering similarity measures, our framework does not suffer from critical biases and naturally provides unique insights into how the clusterings differ. We illustrate the strengths of our framework by revealing new insights into the organization of clusters in two applications: the improved classification of schizophrenia based on the overlapping and hierarchical community structure of fMRI brain networks, and the disentanglement of various social homophily factors in Facebook social networks. The universality of clustering suggests far-reaching impact of our framework throughout all areas of science

Census Snapshot: Illinois

Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, this report provides demographic and economic information about same-sex couples and same-sex couples raising children in Illinois. We compare same-sex "unmarried partners," which the Census Bureau defines as an unmarried couple who "shares living quarters and has a close personal relationship," to different-sex married couples in Illinois