43,456 research outputs found
On-board congestion control for satellite packet switching networks
It is desirable to incorporate packet switching capability on-board for future communication satellites. Because of the statistical nature of packet communication, incoming traffic fluctuates and may cause congestion. Thus, it is necessary to incorporate a congestion control mechanism as part of the on-board processing to smooth and regulate the bursty traffic. Although there are extensive studies on congestion control for both baseband and broadband terrestrial networks, these schemes are not feasible for space based switching networks because of the unique characteristics of satellite link. Here, we propose a new congestion control method for on-board satellite packet switching. This scheme takes into consideration the long propagation delay in satellite link and takes advantage of the the satellite's broadcasting capability. It divides the control between the ground terminals and satellite, but distributes the primary responsibility to ground terminals and only requires minimal hardware resource on-board satellite
Coherent optical instrumentation for measurements of particle parameters
The application of cross-beam Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) for sizing small particles was investigated from September 1973 to August 1974. Theoretical results were obtained by analyzing the scattering characteristics of small particles in a cross-beam LDV system. Theoretical calculations based on scalar diffraction theory and Mie scattering theory were performed. Experimental results were also obtained to compare with theoretical predictions. It is concluded that the forward scattering characteristics of small particles in a cross-beam LDV system can be used for particle sizing
Analytical Solutions of Singular Isothermal Quadrupole Lens
Using analytical method, we study the Singular Isothermal Quadrupole (SIQ)
lens system, which is the simplest lens model that can produce four images. In
this case, the radial mass distribution is in accord with the profile of the
Singular Isothermal Sphere (SIS) lens, and the tangential distribution is given
by adding a quadrupole on the monopole component. The basic properties of the
SIQ lens have been studied in this paper, including deflection potential,
deflection angle, magnification, critical curve, caustic, pseudo-caustic and
transition locus. Analytical solutions of the image positions and
magnifications for the source on axes are derived. As have been found, naked
cusps will appear when the relative intensity of quadrupole to monopole is
larger than 0.6. According to the magnification invariant theory of the SIQ
lens, the sum of the signed magnifications of the four images should be equal
to unity \citep{dal98}. However, if a source lies in the naked cusp, the summed
magnification of the left three images is smaller than the invariant 1. With
this simple lens system, we study the situations that a point source infinitely
approaches a cusp or a fold. The sum of magnifications of cusp image triplet is
usually not equal to 0, and it is usually positive for major cusp while
negative for minor cusp. Similarly, the sum of magnifications of fold image
pair is usually neither equal to 0. Nevertheless, the cusp and fold relations
are still equal to 0, in that the sum values are divided by infinite absolute
magnifications by definition.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
High accuracy simulations of black hole binaries:spins anti-aligned with the orbital angular momentum
High-accuracy binary black hole simulations are presented for black holes
with spins anti-aligned with the orbital angular momentum. The particular case
studied represents an equal-mass binary with spins of equal magnitude
S/m^2=0.43757 \pm 0.00001. The system has initial orbital eccentricity ~4e-5,
and is evolved through 10.6 orbits plus merger and ringdown. The remnant mass
and spin are M_f=(0.961109 \pm 0.000003)M and S_f/M_f^2=0.54781 \pm 0.00001,
respectively, where M is the mass during early inspiral. The gravitational
waveforms have accumulated numerical phase errors of <~ 0.1 radians without any
time or phase shifts, and <~ 0.01 radians when the waveforms are aligned with
suitable time and phase shifts. The waveform is extrapolated to infinity using
a procedure accurate to <~ 0.01 radians in phase, and the extrapolated waveform
differs by up to 0.13 radians in phase and about one percent in amplitude from
the waveform extracted at finite radius r=350M. The simulations employ
different choices for the constraint damping parameters in the wave zone; this
greatly reduces the effects of junk radiation, allowing the extraction of a
clean gravitational wave signal even very early in the simulation.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figure
The Roles of Phones and Computers in Threatening and Abusing Women Victims of Male Intimate Partner Abuse
Cusp Summations and Cusp Relations of Simple Quad Lenses
We review five often used quad lens models, each of which has analytical
solutions and can produce four images at most. Each lens model has two
parameters, including one that describes the intensity of non-dimensional mass
density, and the other one that describes the deviation from the circular lens.
In our recent work, we have found that the cusp and the fold summations are not
equal to 0, when a point source infinitely approaches a cusp or a fold from
inner side of the caustic. Based on the magnification invariant theory, which
states that the sum of signed magnifications of the total images of a given
source is a constant, we calculate the cusp summations for the five lens
models. We find that the cusp summations are always larger than 0 for source on
the major cusps, while can be larger or smaller than 0 for source on the minor
cusps. We also find that if these lenses tend to the circular lens, the major
and minor cusp summations will have infinite values, and with positive and
negative signs respectively. The cusp summations do not change significantly if
the sources are slightly deviated from the cusps. In addition, through the
magnification invariants, we also derive the analytical signed cusp relations
on the axes for three lens models. We find that both on the major and the minor
axes the larger the lenses deviated from the circular lens, the larger the
signed cusp relations. The major cusp relations are usually larger than the
absolute minor cusp relations, but for some lens models with very large
deviation from circular lens, the minor cusp relations can be larger than the
major cusp relations.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Development and fabrication of improved power transistor switches
A new class of high-voltage power transistors was achieved by adapting present interdigitated thyristor processing techniques to the fabrication of npn Si transistors. Present devices are 2.3 cm in diameter and have V sub CEO (sus) in the range of 400 to 600V. V sub CEO (sus) = 450V devices were made with an (h sub FE)(I sub C) product of 900A at V sub CE = 2.5V. The electrical performance obtained was consistent with the predictions of an optimum design theory specifically developed for power switching transistors. The device design, wafer processing, and assembly techniques are described. Experimental measurements of the dc characteristics, forward SOA, and switching times are included. A new method of characterizing the switching performance of power transistors is proposed
Intrinsic adaptive mesh techniques
An alternating direction adaptive grid movement code was developed and a thesis adaptive angular meshes was directed. The alternating direction code was also established on the NASA Langley computer system and is available for use there. In essence, grid points are moved on an abstract surface above physical space by means of alternating coordinate directions. The abstract surface is formed with the salient solution properties if they can be extracted by a priori physical reasoning; or otherwise, in the absence of such reasoning, by the use of error estimates in some chosen norm. Upon formulation, all important driving properties for adaptive purposes are consolidated into one object - the abstract surface. At a basic level, a uniform distribution of surface points is equivalent to gradient resolution. This arises from a projection back down into physical space. At a higher level, a more accurate view of the abstract surface is obtained when changes in surface direction are also resolved. The appropriate measure for direction changes is normal curvature. It is defined as the rate of change of surface tangent planes as a surface coordinate curve is transversed in uniform increments of arc length
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