Bounds and dynamics for empirical game theoretic analysis

This paper provides several theoretical results for empirical game theory. Specifically, we introduce bounds for empirical game theoretical analysis of complex multi-agent interactions. In doing so we provide insights in the empirical meta game showing that a Nash equilibrium of the estimated meta-game is an approximate Nash equilibrium of the true underlying meta-game. We investigate and show how many data samples are required to obtain a close enough approximation of the underlying game. Additionally, we extend the evolutionary dynamics analysis of meta-games using heuristic payoff tables (HPTs) to asymmetric games. The state-of-the-art has only considered evolutionary dynamics of symmetric HPTs in which agents have access to the same strategy sets and the payoff structure is symmetric, implying that agents are interchangeable. Finally, we carry out an empirical illustration of the generalised method in several domains, illustrating the theory and evolutionary dynamics of several versions of the AlphaGo algorithm (symmetric), the dynamics of the Colonel Blotto game played by human players on Facebook (symmetric), the dynamics of several teams of players in the capture the flag game (symmetric), and an example of a meta-game in Leduc Poker (asymmetric), generated by the policy-space response oracle multi-agent learning algorithm

N° 22. — Échanges isotopiques entre l’or métallique et les ions auriques en solution aqueuse

L’étude de l’échange entre les ions auriques en milieu chlorhydrique et l’or métallique, en marquant soit les ions en solution soit le métal, a montré l’importance de deux phénomènes : la dissolution du métal d’une part et l’adsorption des ions auriques d’autre part. Cette dissolution du métal qui nécessite la présence simultanée des ions Cl– et des ions auriques, est due à la réaction globale :2 Au + 2 Cl– + AuCl4– → 3 AuCl2–Les ions aureux ainsi formés se dismutant ensuite.L’étude dans différents milieux de la désorption des ions auriques préalablement absorbés tend à montrer que ces ions peuvent se fixer sur le métal sous différentes formes chimiques selon le pH de la solution.L’échange proprement dit entre le métal et les ions en solution, masqué par l’adsorption et la dissolution, est toujours très faible. Ainsi en solution AuCl4–10–2M, pH 2, l’échange intéresse au plus 0,03 couche monoatomique après un temps de contact d’une heure

Tests status of the SPIRAL 2 low beta cryomodules

TU5PFP041International audienceThe Spiral 2 project at GANIL aims at producing exoticion beams for Nuclear Physics. The accelerator of theprimary beam is a superconducting Linac designed toprovide 5 mA deuteron beams at 40 MeV. It will alsoallow accelerating stable ions of different Q/A valuesranging from protons to Q/A=1/6 heavy ions. Theaccelerator should be commissioned by the end of 2011,first beam in 2012. The first tests aiming to produceexotic beams are planned one year later.The superconducting LINAC consists of 12 low beta(0.07) quarter wave (88 MHz) superconducting (SC)cavities and 24 beta (0.14) SC cavities integrated in theircryomodule.The status of the low beta cryomodules, supplied by theIrfu institute of CEA Saclay, is reported in this paper. TheRF full power tests were performed on the qualifyingcryomodule at the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009,and the tests of the first series cavity in vertical cryostatare in cours

Tests status of the SPIRAL 2 low beta cryomodules Tests Status of the SPIRAL 2

TU5PFP041International audienc

Tests of the low beta cavities and cryomodules for the SPIRAL 2 Linac

TUPPO003International audienc

Learning to Play No-Press Diplomacy with Best Response Policy Iteration

Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (RL) have led to considerable progress in many 2-player zero-sum games, such as Go, Poker and Starcraft. The purely adversarial nature of such games allows for conceptually simple and principled application of RL methods. However real-world settings are many-agent, and agent interactions are complex mixtures of common-interest and competitive aspects. We consider Diplomacy, a 7-player board game designed to accentuate dilemmas resulting from many-agent interactions. It also features a large combinatorial action space and simultaneous moves, which are challenging for RL algorithms. We propose a simple yet effective approximate best response operator, designed to handle large combinatorial action spaces and simultaneous moves. We also introduce a family of policy iteration methods that approximate fictitious play. With these methods, we successfully apply RL to Diplomacy: we show that our agents convincingly outperform the previous state-of-the-art, and game theoretic equilibrium analysis shows that the new process yields consistent improvements

Differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires by means of the polymerase chain reaction

A polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect pathogenic leptospires isolated from animals and humans in Argentina. A double set of primers (G1/G2, B64-I/B64-II), described before, were used to amplify by PCR a DNA fragment from serogroups belonging to Leptospira interrogans but did not allow to detect saprophytic strains isolated from soil and water (L. biflexa). This fact represents an advantage since it makes possible the differentiation of pathogenic from non-pathogenic leptospires in cultures. The sensitivity of this assay has been determined, allowing to detect just only 10 leptospires in the reaction tube. Those sets of primers generated either a 285 bp or 360 bp fragment, depending on the pathogenic strain<br>Diferenciação das leptospiras patogênicas e não patogênicas por PCR Utilizou-se a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para identificar leptospiras patogênicas isoladas, na Argentina, de animais e do homem. Foram usados dois pares de primers (G1/G2; B64-I/B64-II), descritos anteriormente como apropriados para amplificar amostras pertencentes aos diferentes sorogrupos de Leptospira interrogans. Através deste método não se detectaram as leptospiras saprófitas (L. biflexa) isolados de água e solo. Este fato representa uma vantagem uma vez que possibilita a diferenciação de leptospiras patogênicas das não patogênicas em culturas. A sensibilidade da prova foi determinada, verificando-se que ela permitiu detectar 10 leptospiras por tubo de reação. Os tamanhos dos fragmentos amplificados foram de 285 ou 360 pares de bases (bp), dependendo da amostra patogênica estudad