New numerical approach for fractional differential equations

In the present case, we propose the correct version of the fractional Adams-Bashforth methods which take into account the nonlinearity of the kernels including the power law for the Riemann-Liouville type, the exponential decay law for the Caputo-Fabrizio case and the Mittag-Leffler law for the Atangana-Baleanu scenario. The Adams-Bashforth method for fractional differentiation suggested and are commonly use in the literature nowadays is not mathematically correct and the method was derived without taking into account the nonlinearity of the power law kernel. Unlike the proposed version found in the literature, our approximation, in all the cases, we are able to recover the standard case whenever the fractional power $\alpha=1$.Comment: 19 pages, 3 figure

2-aminoethylthiol Substituted Cobalt and Manganese Phthalocyanines: Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Investigations

Spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of 4-(2-aminoethylthio phthalocyanato complexes of cobalt (complex 3) and manganese (complex 4) are investigated in this work. The UV-Vis spectral properties of the complexes were typical of the nature of central metal (cobalt versus manganese) phthalocyanine. The Q-band of manganese 4-(2-aminoethylthio) phthalocyanine is red shifted with respect to cobalt manganese 4-(2-aminoethylthio) phthalocyanine. Solution electrochemistry of complex 3 showed three distinctly resolved redox....

Stroke in Developing Countries: Experience at Kano, Northwestern Nigeria

Objectives: As no report on the clinical pattern of stroke in Kano is available, we sought to determine the stroke types, the risk factors associated with stroke, reasons for delay presentation, management issues and outcome of stroke in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria.Methods: In this prospective study, consecutive patients that were admitted to the medical wards of the two tertiary hospitals; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano and Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, (MMSH) Kano, from June 2008 to June 2010 were recruited in the study. Diagnosis of stroke and its type were determined by clinical and neuroimaging techniques. Risk factor analysis was made based on clinical, laboratory and other relevant investigational data. The case fatality at 24 hours and 7 days were recorded. The survivors were followed in neurology clinics for 6 months; status of disability on admission and at discharge was recorded using modified Rankin disability scale.Results: Over a period of 3 years, a total of 273 comprising 179 males and 94 females (m: f = 2:1) stroke patients were recruited. Their age ranged between 18 and 90 with a mean age of 55 yrs (sd-16.5) but the mean age was 52 (s.d =17.6) in males and 60 (s.d= 11.5) in females. The peak age was in the seventh decade. One hundred and seventy four (63.7%) had infarctive stroke while ninety nine (36.3%) had haemorhagic stroke (91 intracerebral and 8 subarachnoid haemorhage). Reasonsfor the delay included delay referral from private hospital (49.1%), visit to traditional homes before coming to hospital (10.6%), treatment at home (7%), transportation problem (32.2%) and others (1.1%). Overall one hundred and seventy one (63%) survived and one hundred and two (37%) died. The case fatality for stroke was 10% in the first 24 hours and 22% at 7 days. Conclusion: The clinical pattern and outcome of stroke found in this study are similar to that reported in other geopolitical zones of Nigeria and other developing countries

Privatisation and accountability in a “crony capitalist” Nigerian state

Nigeria is richly endowed with oil and gas resources, but the country’s continued reliance on loans from international financial institutions raises questions about the transparency and accountability of its utilisation of the huge revenues resulting from these two resources. In order to attract international capital to bolster its revenues from sales of oil and gas, a huge proportion of which continues to be used corruptly, the World Bank has encouraged the Nigerian government to subscribe to neoliberal economic policies by enlisting accounting firms and privatising state-owned enterprises. Key justifications for this have included enhancing accountability, reducing public-sector corruption, promoting market efficiency and attracting international capital. However, this paper presents evidence of the role of accounting in the undervaluation of assets, concealment of possible malpractice, and subversion of the accountability that it should have delivered in the privatisation process. The assumption that accounting will enhance accountability, reduce public-sector corruption and promote market efficiency in privatisation, and ultimately attract investment into a crony capitalist Nigerian state, appears to be an illusion created partly through the apparent legitimacy of accounting

Expert System-Based Exploratory Approach to Cost Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Office Building

Expert system is a conventional method that is in use in cost modeling, considering its advantage over traditional regression method. It is based on this fact, that this study aimed at deploying neural network in cost modeling of reinforced concrete office building. One hundred (100) samples were selected at random and divided into two; one part was used to develop network algorithm while the second part was used for model validation. Neural network was used to generate the model algorithm; the model is divided into 3 modules: the data optimization module, criteria selection with initializing and terminating modules. Regression analysis was carried out and model validated with Jackknife re-sampling technique. The colinearity analysis indicates high level of tolerance and -0.07403 lowest variation prediction quotients to 0.66639 highest variation quotients. Also the Regression coefficient (R-square) value for determining the model fitness is 0.034 with standard error of 0.048 this attest to the fitness of the model generated. The model is flexible in accommodating new data and variables, thus, it allows for regular updating

The Effectiveness of the Extract of 'Hyptis Sauveolens' Leave (A Specie of Effinrin) in Repelling Mosquito

Are there valid, healthier options when it comes to repelling our fine buzzing and biting friends? Some ideas for natural insect repellents fall into the category of folklore, myth and urban legends, but other natural remedies can be an effective means of protecting yourself and your loved ones from biting bugs and harsh chemicals. The use of active ingredient in plants as successful pest control in recent years can never be over emphasized . Apart from the hazards caused by the established pesticides and insecticides to man and live stock, they are very expensive to purchase, therefore they are no more within the reach of many Nigerians. Moreover, chemical control technology is subjected to the predicament of unstable foreign exchange. In the light of these shortcomings it becomes inevitable to research into local sources of insecticides that would be cheap and readily available to individuals. This paper focuses on the extraction of the active ingredient in Hyptis sauveolens and incorporating it into a locally produced cream using different quantities. According to the results, the three samples with the active ingredient in different ratios were discovered to be active and effective. The sample with the highest concentration of the active ingredient was found to be most effective in repelling mosquito (0.5ml)

Paradigm for Total Quality Management in Building Maintenance Operation

The study is about developing benchmark/ paradigm for total Quality Management in Building Maintenance Operations.  Building defects is usually   outcome of failure or shortcomings recorded at early stage of project which could be design oriented and sometimes wrong  approach, this need to be corrected and as well maintained, the study thus present paradigm/benchmark through which quality of maintenance operations being carried out  on construction projects and buildings could be improved. The methodology involved primarily opinion survey, measured against benchmarked Total quality management principles, the data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire, designed in Likert scale 1 to 5. The secondary data were collected through review of pastworks, Journal articles and Textbooks. Random sampling method was used for population sampling, the result generated were analysed using mean item score, frequency count and Ranking The study concluded with recommending eighteen benchmarked quality points which when observed could lead to productivity enhancement, accident reduction, waste elimination, quality job output and host of other positive outcomes. Keywords: Quality, Maintenance, Benchmark ,Management, Paradigm,Operatio

Effect of spatial configuration of an extended nonlinear Kierstead-Slobodkin reaction-transport model with adaptive numerical scheme

In this paper, we consider the numerical simulations of an extended nonlinear form of Kierstead-Slobodkin reaction-transport system in one and two dimensions. We employ the popular fourth-order exponential time differencing Runge-Kutta (ETDRK4) schemes proposed by Cox and Matthew (J Comput Phys 176:430-455, 2002), that was modified by Kassam and Trefethen (SIAM J Sci Comput 26:1214-1233, 2005), for the time integration of spatially discretized partial differential equations. We demonstrate the supremacy of ETDRK4 over the existing exponential time differencing integrators that are of standard approaches and provide timings and error comparison. Numerical results obtained in this paper have granted further insight to the question "What is the minimal size of the spatial domain so that the population persists?" posed by Kierstead and Slobodkin (J Mar Res 12:141-147, 1953 ), with a conclusive remark that the popula- tion size increases with the size of the domain. In attempt to examine the biological wave phenomena of the solutions, we present the numerical results in both one- and two-dimensional space, which have interesting ecological implications. Initial data and parameter values were chosen to mimic some existing patternsScopus 201