Tahap Tekanan Ekonomi dan Impaknya Keatas Perbelanjaan Keluarga

Kejatuhan nilai ringgit yang dialami oleh Malaysia mulai pertengahan tahun 1997 memberi kesan kepada pertumbuhan dan pembangunan bagi semua sektor. Memahami bagaimana pengguna bertingkahlaku semasa krisis ekonomi ini adalah penting dalam usaha mempercepatkan proses pemulihan ekonomi. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tahap tekanan ekonomi dan impaknya ke atas perbelanjaan keluarga semasa kegawatan ekonomi negara. Sampel kajian dipilih di kalangan 211 buah keluarga yang mempunyai ketua keluarga yang diberhentikan atau berhenti ekoran daripada kegawatan ekonomi yang berlaku atau sedang bekerja dalam sektor swasta semasa kajian ini dijalankan. Data telah dikumpulkan melalui borang soal selidik yang diisi sendiri. Tahap tekanan ekonomi responden diukur dengan menggunakan empat dimensi tekanan ekonomi iaitu (1) Ketidakstabilan Pekerjaan, (2) Pengurangan Ekonomi, (3) Ketidakpastian Pekerjaan dan (4) Kekangan Ekonomi. Hipotesis kajian ini menyatakan bahawa keluarga yang diketuai oleh wanita berbangsa Melayu/Bumiputra, tinggal di bandar diketuai oleh wanita berbangsa Melayu/Bumiputra, tinggal di bandar besar, mempunyai bilangan tanggungan yang ramai, berpendapatan kurang dari RM500 sebulan, mempunyai tahap hutang yang tinggi dan tahap simpanan yang rendah akan mengalami tahap tekanan ekonomi yang lebih tinggi berbanding isirumah lain. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa sebanyak 20.4% responden mengalami tahap tekanan ekonomi rendah dan majoriti responden (79.6%) mengalami tahap tekanan ekonomi yang sederhana dan tinggi. Didapati bahawa keluarga yang diketuai oleh wanita berbangsa Melayu/Bumiputra, tinggal di kampung, mempunyai pendidikan setakat sekolah menengah sahaja dan memperolehi pendapatan kurang dari RM1000 sebulan mengalami tahap tekanan ekonomi yang lebih tinggi berbanding keluarga lain. Analisis Korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perkaitan signifikan yang positifdi antara tahap hutang dengan tahap tekanan ekonomi (r=0.467, p:<0.05). Sebaliknya, perkaitan signifikan yang negatif diperolehi di antara tahap simpanan dengan tahap tekanan ekonomi (r=-0.220, p:<0.05). Ujian Regresi Pelbagai pula menunjukkan bahawa tahap hutang lebih mempengaruhi tahap tekanan ekonomi berbanding dengan faktor yang lain termasuk tahap simpanan Kajian ini mendapati bahawa tahap tekanan ekonomi mempengaruhi perbelanjaan keluarga. Keluarga yang mengalami tahap tekanan ekonomi sederhana dan tinggi lebih cenderung untuk mengurangkan perbelanjaan ke atas makanan luar, pakaian, bersiar-siar dan hiburan. Ini jelas menunjukkan bahawa wujudnya keperluan dan permintaan yang berterusan dari keluarga untuk diberi pendedahan secara informal tentang kemahiran pengurusan kewangan daripada kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan

The influence of perception of in-store colour on consumers' in-store behaviour

The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of perception of in-store colour on consumers' in-store behaviour. Using a mall intercept technique, which used a self-administered questionnaire, a survey of shoppers in clothing and apparel stores at selected shopping centre's was carried out. The result of structural equation modeling found that in-store colour has significantly influenced mood, which in turn, mood was found to significantly affect respondents' time spent, money spent, and repatronage intention. The perception of in-store colour was also found to directly influence the consumers' in-store behaviour. This study would give some useful information to marketing managers and retailers with regards to the importance of in-store colour to attract more shoppers to patronise their stores, with comfortable, yet exciting and satisfying experiences

Personal characteristics and hedonic shopping orientation on apparel adult shoppers' repatronage behavioral intention

A new direction of consumer centric marketing is now advocated to be included in the marketing module, yet there is a lack of shopping repatronage research based on a solid theoretical background pertinent to the issue. Based on the Reasoned Action Approach by Fishbein and Ajzen (2010), this study endeavors to examine the relationships between the personal characteristics, hedonic shopping orientation and repatronage behavioral intention. The structural equation modeling was used to analyze the causal relationships for the self-administrated data gathered from 569 apparel adult shoppers aged 30 to 60 years old. The refined hypothesized model was relatively good fitted. The personal characteristics of need for activity, impulsiveness, shopping confidence and susceptibility to influence were found significantly related to the repatronage behavioral intention. These relationships were fully mediated by the intervening variable of hedonic shopping orientation. The hypothesized model of hedonic mediating structural model explained 56% of the repatronage behavioral intention. The study advanced the understanding of the importance of hedonic shopping orientation as well as the personal characteristics in consumer-centric marketing

A case study of student evaluation of teaching in university.

This study aims to determine the factors (course characteristics, lecturer characteristics, and tutorial ratings) that affect student evaluation of teaching in university. A total of 88 undergraduates were selected and self-administered questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The study found that most of the respondents have high agreement level towards the evaluation of course characteristics, lecturer’s characteristics, and tutorial ratings. Lecturer overall teaching performance ratings were correlated with course characteristics, lecturer characteristics and tutorial rating. Multiple hierarchical analyses found that course’s overall performance ratings was mostly explained by course, followed by lecturer’s characteristics but not from tutorial ratings. From the point of a student, the improved of the teaching effectiveness based on the evaluation process may ultimately enhance knowledge acquisition and, for the educators, the evaluation did provide information for an individual improvement. Faculty would be benefited where the evaluation might lead to fairer promoting, tenure and pay increase decisions for academic staffs

Factors influencing the intention to adopt eWallet among students of Universiti Putra Malaysia

This research is aimed to investigate the factors influencing student’s intention to adopt eWallet in Universiti Putra Malaysia. A total of 200 students from Universiti Putra Malaysia participated in this research where they were chosen through simple random sampling method and systematic sampling method. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Categorical scale and five-point Likert scale were applied to analyze the background of respondents, as well as to measure the independent and dependent variables respectively. The findings form the Pearson Correlation analysis showed that UPM students’ intention to adopt eWallet had positive relationship with perceived usefulness (r=0.846, p=0.001), perceived ease of use (r=0.773, p=0.001), perceived security (r=0.397, p=0.001) and subjective norms (r=0.528, p=0.001). Meanwhile, based on the results of multiple linear regression analysis, the model contributed a total of 77.1% and perceived usefulness appeared as the most significant factor that contributed to the intention to adopt eWallet among UPM students. Hence, the findings of this study were useful for eWallet companies and developers in providing better understanding about factors that influence consumers’ intention to adopt eWallet in order to enhance their applications and fulfil what consumers really want

Relationship between susceptibility to normative influence and purchase intention towards global brands in Nigeria

Due to recent globalization has led to increase with many foreign companies competing with each other making consumers purchase intention more important issues for marketers and difficult to understand. Recent study has shown that norms of groups’ they associated influence consumer purchase intention. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between susceptibility to normative and purchase intention towards global brand among consumers living in Nigeria. A total of 318 respondents were involved in this study, and they were selected based on the three local government areas in Lagos state which represent the three senatorial districts in the state. A quantitative research which employ questionnaire for data collection, and respondents were recruited using simple random sampling among Nigeria consumers living in Lagos state. Correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between susceptibility to normative influence and purchase intention towards global brands. Result of this study showed that susceptibility to normative influence has a positive significant relationship with purchase intention towards global brands. This means that consumers with better orientation are motivated to purchase global brand in order to display their status and success to social group they belong. Consumer with higher susceptibity to normative influence is been dominant when buying brands that motivates them effectively in nature, regardless of product that is attracting attention by being impressive. Thus, it is recommended that local companies and marketers need to provide those products that increase the self-esteem of the consumers. They also need to identify the type of products that the consumers used frequently that gives them respect and sense of belongings, at the same time, need to regulate the quality of product that can compete with the foreign products

Mediating roles of consumer individual values on the relationship between exposure to global marketing activities and consumption behavior

The main goal of this study to investigate the mediating effects of consumer individual values on the relationship between exposure to global marketing activities and consumption behavior. To this end, at first the study tests the previous proposition of direct path of the effect of exposure to global marketing activities on consumption behavior (of global foods and drinks, global clothing and accessories, household appliances and communications), then to examine the mediating effects of consumer individual values on fundemental relationships using Schwartz's basic values. This research supported the significant contribution of predictor variable to consumption behavior of four proposed product categories, among them the mediating roles of consumer individual values were observed on consumption behavior of household appliances and communications. The study also highlighted significant implications for consumer affairs specialists and managers

An Exploratory Study on Shopper Typologies in Malaysia

Abstract: There is an increasing trend of Malaysians shopping for leisure and spending their free time in shopping malls. Consumer shopping behavior has a plethora of research done. However, little intention has been given to summarizing the salient conclusions that can be drawn from the extensive study of segmentation research on Asian populations, particularly in Malaysia. This study aims to profile different types of shopper typology based on psychographic market segmentation statements and its differences with shopping motives. The difference of gender in each cluster was examined. Quota sampling was used in selecting 200 respondents in one of the university in Malaysia. In brief, all the respondents can be grouped into three main groups namely, economic shoppers, addictive shoppers and convenience shoppers. There was difference in gender found among economic shoppers. Different types of shoppers might lead to different implications to retailing industry and specifically the management of shopping malls.Key words: Shopper Typology; Gender Differences; Shopping MotivesRésumé: Les malaisiens ont une tendance croissante de considérer le shopping comme un loisir et de passer plus de temps libre dans les centres commerciaux. Il y a une pléthore de recherches effectuées sur le comportement d'achat des consommateurs. Toutefois, on n’a guère prêté d’attention à résumer les conclusions les plus marquantes qui peuvent être tirées de l'étude approfondie de la recherche de segmentation sur les populations asiatiques, et en particulier en Malaisie. Cette étude vise à établir les différents types de la typologie de consommateurs sur la base des déclarations psychographiques de segmentation du marché et les différences avec des motifs commerciaux. La différence de sexe a été examinée dans chaque groupe. L'échantillonnage par quotas a été utilisée dans la sélection des 200 répondants dans l'une des universités en Malaisie. En bref, tous les répondants peuvent être regroupées en trois groupes principaux, à savoir les consommateurs économiques, les consommateurs accros et les consommateurs pour la commodité. Une différence de sexe a été constatée chez les acheteurs économiques. Différents types de consommateurs pourraient conduire à des conséquences différentes pour l'industrie de vente au détail et en particulier pour la gestion des centres commerciaux. Mots clés: Typologie de consommateur; Differences de sexe; Motifs commerciau

An Exploratory Study on Shopper Typologies in Malaysia

Abstract: There is an increasing trend of Malaysians shopping for leisure and spending their free time in shopping malls. Consumer shopping behavior has a plethora of research done. However, little intention has been given to summarizing the salient conclusions that can be drawn from the extensive study of segmentation research on Asian populations, particularly in Malaysia. This study aims to profile different types of shopper typology based on psychographic market segmentation statements and its differences with shopping motives. The difference of gender in each cluster was examined. Quota sampling was used in selecting 200 respondents in one of the university in Malaysia. In brief, all the respondents can be grouped into three main groups namely, economic shoppers, addictive shoppers and convenience shoppers. There was difference in gender found among economic shoppers. Different types of shoppers might lead to different implications to retailing industry and specifically the management of shopping malls.Key words: Shopper Typology; Gender Differences; Shopping MotivesRésumé: Les malaisiens ont une tendance croissante de considérer le shopping comme un loisir et de passer plus de temps libre dans les centres commerciaux. Il y a une pléthore de recherches effectuées sur le comportement d'achat des consommateurs. Toutefois, on n’a guère prêté d’attention à résumer les conclusions les plus marquantes qui peuvent être tirées de l'étude approfondie de la recherche de segmentation sur les populations asiatiques, et en particulier en Malaisie. Cette étude vise à établir les différents types de la typologie de consommateurs sur la base des déclarations psychographiques de segmentation du marché et les différences avec des motifs commerciaux. La différence de sexe a été examinée dans chaque groupe. L'échantillonnage par quotas a été utilisée dans la sélection des 200 répondants dans l'une des universités en Malaisie. En bref, tous les répondants peuvent être regroupées en trois groupes principaux, à savoir les consommateurs économiques, les consommateurs accros et les consommateurs pour la commodité. Une différence de sexe a été constatée chez les acheteurs économiques. Différents types de consommateurs pourraient conduire à des conséquences différentes pour l'industrie de vente au détail et en particulier pour la gestion des centres commerciaux. Mots clés: Typologie de consommateur; Differences de sexe; Motifs commerciau

The influence of self-esteem in the relationship of social media usage and conspicuous consumption

To-date, conspicuous consumptions in both developed and developing countries remain on the rise. As a developing country, there is no exception for Malaysia. The luxury goods sector in Malaysia has been growing along with the rest of the world over the past thirteen years. Current research aimed to investigate conspicuous consumption through examining it from social media usage perspectives and the moderating role of self-esteem of consumers in the relationship between social media usage and conspicuous consumption. The framework of this study suggests that social media platform can cause social comparison among consumers, which the comparison domains are, wealth, status and attractiveness. These comparisons can lead to increasing motivation of acquisition of luxurious products and conspicuous consumption. The study also suggests that difference of high and low self-esteem is moderating the proposed relationship of social media usage and the propensity to consume conspicuously. A survey technique was conducted among 387 consumers using mall-intercept method at selected shopping malls to collect required data for analyses and the sample obtained consisted of Malaysian social media users aged above 18. Multiple regression and PROCESS analyses were conducted to test the correlation between social media usage and conspicuous consumption and moderation of self-esteem as proposed in the research framework. The result obtained indicates that social media usage has significantly influenced conspicuous consumption; and self-esteem was found significantly moderating the relationship between social media usage and conspicuous consumption. Overall, this study provides valuable insights on the understanding of conspicuous consumption and related variables that are influencing it such as social media usage and self-esteem. Consumers and authorities can benefit from these results to create awareness regarding the impact of these variables to ensure better purchase decision to be made by consumers