Mechanical Behaviour of Air-plasma Sprayed Functionally Graded YSZ-Mullite Environmental Barrier Coatings: A Study via Instrumented Indentation

6 páginas, 7 figuras, 1 tabla.-- Comunicación presentada al 33th International Thermal Spray Conference & Exposition 2010; Thermal Spray: Global Solutions for Future Applications.-- et al.Mullite (Al6Si2O13) is the basis of efficient environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) for protecting Si-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) selected to replace specific hot-section metallic components in advanced gas turbines. Furthermore, YSZ-mullite multilayer architectures with compositional grading between the bond coat and YSZ top coat were envisioned as solutions to ease their coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch induced stress. Consequently, a proper understanding of the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus, hardness or plastic/elastic recovery work serve for an efficient design of such refractory oxide multilayers. In this work, three different mullite powder morphologies (fused and crushed, spray-dried and freeze-granulated) were employed. Using depth-sensing indentation with loads in the range 100 – 500 mN, the role of the microstructure and morphology of the powder feedstock on the mechanical behaviour of air plasma sprayed mullite bond coats deposited on SiC Hexoloy substrates was investigated. Fully crystalline as-sprayed mullite coatings were engineered under controlled deposition conditions. Mechanical properties were measured for the as-sprayed coatings as well as for coatings heat-treated at 1300oC, in water vapour environment, for periods up to 500 h. Both E and H values of the coatings are found to be highly dependent on the morphology of the starting powders.This work has been supported by NRC-CSIC program (project 2007CA003).Peer reviewe

Efecto de la orientación de los rodillos en la resistencia mecánica de estructuras 3D porosas de SiC fabricadas mediante impresión de filamento

[EN] The present work explores the strength enhancement via minor modifications of the pat-tern design in pure light SiC woodpile structures created by filament printing. In particular,the effect of the filament stacking angle on both the compression resistance and the elasticmodulus of these structures are evaluated. Different patterns were designed while main-taining the bulk structure density, therefore the differences in the mechanical data (strengthand elastic modulus) are not attributable to density variations. All of these materials werepartially sintered at intermediate temperature for additional porosity enhancement. More-over, SiC specimens made by full filament overlapping were produced to serve as referencemassive material. Remarkably, the massive SiC printed material displays ordered sphericalporosity and a closed-pore foam appearance, thus revealing a novel route for producingthese type of porosity. Results evidence that the structure robustness can be tuned throughslight design modification, which thus offers the possibility of further structure lighteningwithout reducing the target strength.[ES] El presente trabajo explora la mejora de la resistencia mecánica de estructuras ligeras for-madas por apilamiento de rodillos de SiC puro, procesadas por impresión directa de tinta, através de modificaciones menores del patrón de dise ̃no. En particular, se evalúa el efecto del ángulo de apilamiento de los filamentos sobre la resistencia a la compresión y el móduloelástico de estas estructuras. Los diferentes patrones fueron dise ̃nados manteniendo sim-ilares densidades aparentes de las estructuras, por lo tanto, las diferencias observadas enlos resultados mecánicos (resistencia y módulo elástico) no son atribuibles a variaciones dedensidad. Todas las estructuras se sinterizaron parcialmente para mantener una elevadaporosidad. Además, se produjeron muestras de SiC macizas creadas por la superposiciónde filamentos utilizadas como material masivo de referencia. Curiosamente, este materialmuestra una porosidad esférica y ordenada, y presenta la apariencia típica de esponjas conporosidad cerrada, mostrando en consecuencia una ruta alternativa para la fabricación deeste tipo de materiales celulares. Dado que la robustez de estructuras 3D se puede maximizara través de una ligera modificación del dise ̃no, esto permitiría alternativamente aligerar aúnmás las estructuras sin perjudicar su resistencia.This work was supported by projects MAT2015-67437-R and RTI2018-095052-B-I00 financed by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades MCIU (previously MINECO),Spain/FEDER (UE). J.J. Moyano acknowledges the financialsupport of MCIU/FEDER through the FPI contract ref: BES-2016-077759Peer reviewe

The effect of microstructure on the tribological behaviour of monolithic Si3N4 and Si3N4–SiC composites

[ES] Se ha analizado el comportamiento tribológico de materiales de Si3N4 y de compuestos Si3N4/SiC, desde temperatura ambiente hasta 700ºC y en el rango de velocidades 0.5-2 m/s. Los materiales se han preparado mediante prensado en caliente a 1750ºC en atmósfera de nitrógeno, variando el contenido en fase α- Si3N4, el tamaño medio de grano, y la morfología de las partículas de SiC adicionadas. Los ensayos se han realizado en pares homólogos utilizando un tribómetro del tipo punta sobre disco, sin lubricación y a una carga constante de 5 N. Las superficies de desgaste de las puntas y los discos se observaron en un microscopio electrónico de barrido con capacidad analítica (MEB-EDX). Los residuos generados durante los ensayos se analizaron mediante MEB-EDX y difracción de rayos X (DRX). Los resultados obtenidos en los ensayos daban valores de coeficiente de fricción, f, y de desgaste, K, superiores a 0.3 y 10-6 mm3N-1m-1, respectivamente. El mecanismo de desgaste predominante dependía de la microestructura y de las propiedades mecánicas del material ensayado.[EN] The tribological behaviour of various Si3N4 based materials, including Si3N4/SiC composites, has been analysed from room temperature up to 700ºC, and for sliding speeds between 0.5 and 2 m/s. Materials have been prepared by hot pressing at 1750ºC in nitrogen atmosphere, varying α- Si3N4 phase content, microstructure coarseness and shape and size of the SiC particles. Wear tests were performed in self-mated pairs using a pin on disc tribometer, without lubrication and at a fixed load of 5 N. Pin and disc worn surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). Debris generated during tests was analysed by SEM-EDS and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed friction, f, and wear coefficients, K, above 0.3 y 10-6 mm3N-1m-1, respectively. Wear mechanism depended on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the materials.Los autores agradecen la financiación recibida del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), programa de Acciones Integradas (Proyecto No. HP97-0046), de la CYCIT (Proyecto No. MAT97-708) y del Conselho de Reitores das Universidades Portuguesas (Proyecto de Acciones Integradas E-63/98).Peer reviewe

Quemador poroso

Quemador poroso adaptado para ser alimentado con diferentes tipos de gases, que comprende un soporte que incluye un conducto a través del cual entra una mezcla de aire/gas en el quemador poroso, y una estructura cerámica, soportada por el soporte, que comprende una esponja inicialmente polimérica que se impregna con una barbotina, comprendiendo dicha barbotina al menos un material cerámico. La estructura cerámica tiene una porosidad final de entre aproximadamente 50 ppi hasta aproximadamente 70 ppi, y una densidad final de entre aproximadamente 0.45 hasta aproximadamente 0.65 g/cm3.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), P.I. Prosider Ibérica S.A, Ikerlan S COOPB1 Patente sin examen previ

3D printing of cubic zirconia lattice supports for hydrogen production

The demand for hydrogen has extraordinarily grown during the last years, being one of the most attractive forms of fuels to produce green energy. Cubic zirconia ceramics are considered promising catalytic supports, and the additive manufacturing of porous 3D structures based on these ceramics could enhance their catalytic performance. Herein, lightweight highly porous (up to 88%) 3D patterned 8 mol% yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia (8YSZ) scaffolds are manufactured by robocasting from pseudoplastic aqueous-based inks to produce catalytic supports for the hydrogen (H2) production. These scaffolds are thermally treated at temperatures ranging between 1000 and 1400 ◦C and, hence, mechanically and electrically characterized. 3D 8YSZ structures sintered at 1200 ◦C, with an appropriate balance between high porosity (86%) and compressive strength (3.7 MPa), are impregnated with palladium (Pd) catalytic nanoparticles and employed in the catalytic dehydrogenation of renewable formic acid (FA) using a fixed-bed reactor. 3D Pd/8YSZ catalyst leads to the continuous production of CO-free H2 with a FA conversion of 32% at T =55 ◦CThis work was supported by the Spanish Government through RTI2018-095052-B-I00, PID2019-105079RB-I00 (MICINN/AEI/FEDER, UE), PID2021-125427OB-I00 (MICINN/AEI/FEDER, UE) and EIN2020- 112153 (MCINN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) projects, the latter also supported by the European Union through “NextGenerationEU/ PRTR”. M. Koller gratefully acknowledges funding within “Support for International Mobility of Researchers of the Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, part II”, no. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/ 0.0/18_053/0017555 of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic funded from the European Structure and Investment Funds (ESIF). G. Vega acknowledges the Universidad Aut´onoma de Madrid for the Predoctoral contract. The authors thank J. Mejía for her permanent technical assistance in the catalytic experiment

Understanding the active sites of boron nitride for CWPO: An experimental and computational approach

[EN] Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been explored as a catalyst for degrading persistent organic pollutants in wastewater by Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation (CWPO). Herein, the superior activity of the h-BN on the phenol degradation (model pollutant) compared to other metal-free catalysts, such as carbon-based ones, and the lower selectivity to CO encourage the potential application of h-BN catalysts in CWPO processes. Through a combined density functional theory calculations, experimental reactions and catalyst characterization approach, a comprehensive study on the reaction mechanism has been conducted. According to this, only defected B atoms in the h-BN layer, protonated as B-(OH), decompose the hydrogen peroxide into highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. The radical species diffuse towards inner h-BN regions and react with the phenol adsorbed by π-π interaction on the h-BN surface. Oxidation by-products cause carbonaceous deposits and progressive deactivation of the h-BN catalyst that can be directly regenerated by burning off in air.The authors thank the financial support by the Community of Madrid and the Government of Spain through the projects: S2018/EMT- 4341 and RTI2018-095052-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE), respectively. The work done at the University of Sevilla was funded by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and EU-FEDER, grant PID2019-106871 GB-I00, and the Junta de Andalucía-FEDER, grant: US-1381410. Also, G. Vega acknowledges the Community of Madrid for the Predoctoral contract PEJD-2018-PRE/AMB-9019, co-financed by the European Social Fund through the Youth Employment Operational Program and the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI) 2018. J. Carbajo thanks the financial support by the Government of Spain for a grant under the Juan de la Cierva_Incorporación programme (IJCI-2017- 32682). The authors would like to thank A. Pérez for performing the BET and TGA measurements

Materiales cerámicos tenaces compuestos de mullita-circona

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento de Optica y Estructura de la Materia. Fecha de lectura: 26-10-198

Thermal conductivity of a ZrO2-Ni functionally graded coatings

4 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables.-- Printed version published Jun 2008.A Ni–ZrO2 (3 mol.% Y2O3) functionally gradient (FG) coating and a pure ZrO2 coating, both having thickness of around 200 μm, were prepared over nickel substrates. The thermal conductivity of these model coatings was evaluated by laser-flash measurements done on both assemblies and in the Ni substrate as well. A simple model is proposed to estimate the thermal conductivity of each layer of the FG coating, which gives a good estimation for the thermal conductivity of the FG coating.This work has been supported by MEC (Ministry of Education and Science, Spain), under projects MAT 2003-06147-C04-01 and MAT2006-07118.Peer reviewe

Degradation of ceramic materials in combustion environments: two practical cases: gas burners and turbines

[ES] El buen comportamiento de los materiales cerámicos en ambientes corrosivos y a altas temperaturas los sitúa, preferentemente, en todos aquellos procesos industriales que buscan el ahorro energético, en particular los procesos de combustión de gases o de derivados del petróleo. Sin embargo, las atmósferas de combustión que se producen en ciertas aplicaciones producen la degradación de estos materiales. En este trabajo se estudian dos ejemplos de materiales cerámicos empleados en este tipo de aplicaciones; un material de cordierita, empleado como quemador de gas radiante para su posible aplicación en calderas de combustión domésticas y un recubrimiento de ZrO2 estabilizado con Y2O3, empleado como barrera térmica en componentes de una turbina de gas para la producción de energía eléctrica. El estudio de la microestructura, la composición química y de fases cristalinas de ambos materiales después de su degradación en uso permite determinar cuales son los mecanismos que han tenido lugar y qué elementos de la atmósfera de trabajo han sido los causantes de dicha degradación.[EN] The use of ceramic materials in energy applications with the aim of power saving through the use of high working temperatures is widely extended due to their better behaviour in those working conditions compared to than metallic materials. However, the combustion environments developed in specific applications can lead to the degradation of such materials. In this work, two ceramic materials employed in these applications are studied; a cordierite material, used as gas radiant burner for its possible application in domestic combustion boilers, and an Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 coating, used as thermal barrier coating on metallic components of a gas turbine for power generation. The microstructure and phase evolution in both materials after ageing under working conditions allows identifying the main degradation mechanism responsible of the degradation.Los autores agradecen la financiación al Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Proyecto MEC-MAT2006-07118). Eugenio García agradece la financiación de este estudio al programa I3P-PC2005L.Peer reviewe

Ceramic gas burners

[ES] El creciente uso del gas natural, como fuente de energía térmica en aplicaciones domésticas, está produciendo una continua evolución en la tecnología de este tipo de calderas. Estas son cada vez más compactas y capaces de trabajar en un mayor rango de potencias caloríficas, para satisfacer las demandas de energía requeridas, en cada momento, por los usuarios. Para ello, deben estar provistas con quemadores que puedan funcionar intermitentemente en modo radiante, lo que permite un aumento en la eficiencia del proceso de combustión y, además, una reducción en la emisión de gases nocivos. Los materiales cerámicos son unos buenos candidatos para fabricar estas placas radiantes de los nuevos quemadores de gas. En general, estos materiales poseen las propiedades adecuadas para funcionar en las severas condiciones que se producen en la combustión, caracterizadas por las altas temperaturas y la presencia de especies químicas corrosivas. Estas condiciones de trabajo producen una degradación lenta pero progresiva de sus propiedades y, con el tiempo, dan lugar al fallo del quemador. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión sobre los tipos de quemadores de gas cerámicos existentes, requisitos que deben cumplir, su modo de operación y los modos en que se degradan.[EN] The extended use of natural gas for domestic applications is spurring the continuous improvement in the gas boiler technology. Thus, compact boilers that are able to work in a wider power range, in order to satisfy the exact energy requirements of the users, are a common goal. This requires the development of gas burners capable of working in radiant mode for increasing the combustion efficiency besides reducing the emissions of hazardous gases. The ceramic materials are strong candidates for this application. They have the properties required for working in the severe conditions associated with the combustion of gases, i.e. high temperatures and the presence of corrosive chemical species. These work conditions produce a slow but continuous degradation of their properties and the ultimate burner failure. This paper discusses the different types of ceramic gas burners available, their working requirements, modes of operation and the possible degradation mechanisms.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el proyecto Mcyt MAT1999-0168-CE y por el proyecto EC (Brite-EURAM III Program) bajo el contrato BR-CT98-0743 (LIFEBURN Project).Peer reviewe