Knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception of broiler grow-out farmers on antimicrobial use and resistance in Oyo state, Nigeria

Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception of Nigerian broiler grow-out farmers (n = 152) to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with a five sectional purposive-structured-questionnaire: demographics; knowledge; attitudes; risk-perception; and response to regulation of antimicrobial practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression. Respondents’ knowledge score, in total, was lower than average, with all (100%) respondents having the understanding that antibiotics kill/reduce bacteria, most participants (>73%) believing that feeding antibiotics to broiler chickens is a necessity for weight gain, and many (>69%) thinking that no negative side-effects exist with the use of antibiotics. Poor attitude towards antimicrobial usage was prevalent (>63%) with unsatisfactory performance in most instruments: >60% of farmers reported using antimicrobials every week and still use antimicrobials when birds appear sick, and most (>84%) arbitrarily increase the drug dosages when used. However, a satisfactory performance score was reported (68%) in risk perception of AMR with >63% perceiving that inappropriate use of antibiotics is the main factor causing the emergence of resistant bacteria; >65.8% expressed that AMR in broiler chickens is not essential for public health, that AMR cannot develop from broiler bacteria diseases, that increasing the frequency of antimicrobial use cannot increase AMR in future, and that usage cannot lead to antibiotic residue in broiler-meat products leading to AMR development in human. None of the respondents were aware of any regulation for monitoring antimicrobial use. Significant factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception of antimicrobial use and resistance among broiler grow-out farmers include marital status, farm category, education, educational specialization, sales target, growth duration/cycle, broiler stocking batch, and feed source. Identified gaps exist in AMR awareness among Nigerian broiler farmers and should be targeted through stakeholders’ participation in combatting AMR threatshttp://www.mdpi.com/journal/antibioticsVeterinary Tropical Disease

Configuration and Assessment of the GISS ModelE2 Contributions to the CMIP5 Archive

We present a description of the ModelE2 version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) General Circulation Model (GCM) and the configurations used in the simulations performed for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). We use six variations related to the treatment of the atmospheric composition, the calculation of aerosol indirect effects, and ocean model component. Specifically, we test the difference between atmospheric models that have noninteractive composition, where radiatively important aerosols and ozone are prescribed from precomputed decadal averages, and interactive versions where atmospheric chemistry and aerosols are calculated given decadally varying emissions. The impact of the first aerosol indirect effect on clouds is either specified using a simple tuning, or parameterized using a cloud microphysics scheme. We also use two dynamic ocean components: the Russell and HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) which differ significantly in their basic formulations and grid. Results are presented for the climatological means over the satellite era (1980-2004) taken from transient simulations starting from the preindustrial (1850) driven by estimates of appropriate forcings over the 20th Century. Differences in base climate and variability related to the choice of ocean model are large, indicating an important structural uncertainty. The impact of interactive atmospheric composition on the climatology is relatively small except in regions such as the lower stratosphere, where ozone plays an important role, and the tropics, where aerosol changes affect the hydrological cycle and cloud cover. While key improvements over previous versions of the model are evident, these are not uniform across all metrics

Development of a Concentric Cylinder Locust Bean Dehuller

Rosana G. Moreira, Editor-in-Chief; Texas A&M UniversityThis is a paper from International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) E-Journal Volume 6 (2004): I. Audu, A. Oloso, and B. Umar. Development of a Concentric Cylinder Locust Bean Dehuller. (August 2004)

geoschem/HEMCO: HEMCO 3.6.3

<p>Release Date 15 Sep 2023</p> CHANGELOG Fixed <ul> <li>Fix nvhpc compiler error in CESM due to line length exceeded by @lizziel in <a href="https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/240">https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/240</a></li> </ul> <p><strong>Full Changelog</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/compare/3.6.2...3.6.3">https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/compare/3.6.2...3.6.3</a></p&gt

geoschem/HEMCO: HEMCO 3.7.0

Release date: 05 Oct 2023 What's Changed Reduce logfile output in HEMCO, and combine Verbose and Warnings into a single switch by @yantosca in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/182 Remove src/Shared/NcdfUtil/perl folder by @yantosca in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/183 Update GFED4 biomass burning emission factors and add furans by @msulprizio in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/189 Deprecate HEMCO_CESM preprocessor constant. Now use MODEL_CESM by @jimmielin in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/197 Fixes for reading masks in HEMCO (merge bugfix/masks into HEMCO 3.7.0) by @yantosca in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/198 Remove computational bottlenecks in hco_calc_mod.F90 by @yantosca in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/201 Write HEMCO restart files to the rundir "Restarts/" subdirectory by @yantosca in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/202 Bug fix: Allow mask files ending in ".$NC" not to be interpreted as a mask having no file by @yantosca in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/205 Increase the string length for reading lines from HEMCO standalone grid by @msulprizio in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/207 Update tracer names in RnPbBe extension by @msulprizio in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/214 Update HCO_WARNING arguments in MODEL_GEOS block to avoid GEOS build … by @lizziel in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/219 Prevent run-time crash if using GEOSIT meteorolology directory by @lizziel in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/220 Change GEOS-IT meteorology constants year from 2011 to 2018 by @lizziel in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/223 Print HEMCO verbose status and volcano extension on root thread only by @lizziel in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/221 Fix bug in volcano extension causing crash when volcano turned off by @lizziel in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/230 Fix nvhpc compiler error in CESM due to line length exceeded by @lizziel in https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/pull/240 Full Changelog: https://github.com/geoschem/HEMCO/compare/3.6.2...3.7.