Mecanismos de tutela especial del derecho al trabajo frente al despido discriminatorio, por razón de embarazo, durante el periodo de prueba

La presente investigación parte del análisis tanto del contenido esencial del derecho al trabajo como de la naturaleza jurídica del periodo de prueba en la relación laboral, a fin de construir una línea argumentativa que permita, bajo los alcances -principalmente- de los principios de coherencia normativa y razonabilidad, (i) no solo sostener la «imposibilidad jurídica» de desvincular a una trabajadora embarazada durante el periodo de prueba cuando la causa no se refiera a la falta de idoneidad para el puesto y se lesionen derechos fundamentales, sino, debido a la reiterada jurisprudencia concluir que es necesario (ii) proponer la modificación del artículo 10 de la Ley de Productividad y Competitividad Laboral, Decreto Legislativo n.º 728, que regula el periodo de prueba, con el propósito de brindar mayor protección a los derechos fundamentales de la trabajadora embarazada, en virtud de es un «sujeto de derecho especial».Trabajo académic

Indemnizaciones adicionales reclamadas a causa de un despido arbitrario. Fundamentos acerca de su viabilidad en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico

La presente investigación toma como punto de partida el análisis del despido como causa de extinción del vínculo laboral, primero desde una perspectiva histórica en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico (tanto a nivel constitucional como legal), luego se desarrolla la tipología del despido ilegal que jurisprudencialmente ha ido construyendo en las últimas dos décadas el Tribunal Constitucional (TC), sobre la base de la dignidad humana y del principio protector, principalmente. Bajo esa premisa, nuestro estudio se centra en la indemnización como mecanismo resarcitorio frente al despido arbitrario. Asimismo, en aras de determinar si su actual regulación en el TUO del Decreto Legislativo n.º 728 es la adecuada, se analiza -a la luz del bloque de constitucionalidad- si la indemnización tarifada repara todo tipo de daño sufrido por el trabajador o si existen fundamentos que viabilicen el reclamo indemnizaciones adicionales (vg. daño moral, lucro cesante, etc.) con ocasión del despido arbitrario, debido a que, conforme se concluye, el ejercicio abusivo del poder del empleador, materializado en un despido de ese tipo, no solo lesiona el derecho al trabajo, sino otros derechos que merecen igual o mayor tutela, según corresponda a cada caso concret

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030