Program on application of communication satellites to educational development. Communication media and educational technology: An overview and assessment with reference to communication satellites

Technology assessment of communication media and educational technology including future trends utilizing communication satellites, television, and computer-assisted instructio

Exit here: strategies for dealing with aging dams and reservoirs

Aging infrastructure is prevalent throughout the world, but water control management structures, specifically dams, are of growing concern. Dams and their corresponding reservoirs have inherent, but separate, lifespans. The proportion of dams around the world that continue operation beyond their intended lifespans is growing at an alarming rate. Society will not only have to navigate the tradeoffs associated with the deterioration of services provided by reservoirs and dams, but also impending structural failures. Society is nearing a critical pinch point where we will have to decide how to deal with dams and reservoirs at scales that range from a single system to multiple systems in large watersheds. No comprehensive strategy exists to inform both the range of actions that can be applied to such infrastructure and how such actions would influence biophysical, socioeconomic, and geopolitical tradeoffs. The development of proactive exit strategies is a critical first step in ensuring controlled transitions for aging dams and reservoirs. Herein, we present an overview of actions and considerations for aging dams and reservoirs, followed by an initial framework for exit strategy development to launch a further discussion on how society could deal with this aging infrastructure

A Randomized, Phase II Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Anakinra in the Treatment of Gout Flares

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168527/1/art41699.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168527/2/art41699_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168527/3/art41699-sup-0009-Methods.pd

Deoxyspergualin preferentially inhibits the growth and maturation of anti-CD40-activated surface IgD+ B lymphocytes

Deoxyspergualin (DSG), an analogue of spermidin, is a potent immunosuppressive drug with an action quite distinct from that of cyclosporin, rapamycin, or FK506. In this study we investigated the effect of DSG and methyldeoxyspergualin (MeDSG) on the proliferation and differentiation of human B cells stimulated with anti-CD40 MoAb. Highly purified B cells obtained from tonsillar samples were used as target cells. Both agents inhibited the proliferative response of anti-CD40-stimulated B cells in the absence and presence of IL-4, IL-2 or IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect differed markedly among cell populations based on surface IgD expression: strong inhibition of sIgD+ B cells but little inhibition of sIgD− B cells. The drugs also suppressed the production of IgG, IgM and IgA by unfractionated B cells, which suggests that DSG acts against post-switch (sIgD−) B cells. Although the drugs suppressed immunoglobulin synthesis by both sIgD+ and sIgD− B cells, the effect was more marked in the sIgD+ B cells. Analysis of the subclass of IgG secreted by slgD+ B cells revealed a decline in IgG1 and IgG3 in the presence of DSG. These results suggest that DSG preferentially inhibits the growth and maturation of sIgD+ naive B cells