768 research outputs found
The inflation experience of older households
Recent increases in inflation have been accompanied by concerns over the extent to which official figures match the 'true' household experience of inflation. Rapid increases in the prices of household fuel, petrol and diesel and, more recently, of food have brought considerable attention to the fact that inflation will be different for different households according to their expenditure patterns. Any measure of inflation, such as the Retail Prices Index (RPI) or Consumer Prices Index (CPI), is necessarily only an average of the experience of different households and may not be especially representative of what is happening for any household in particular.
Using data from the Expenditure and Food Survey, this Commentary looks at the inflation experience (based on the RPI) for different groups of households, examining how the average inflation rate they face has varied over time and making comparisons across the groups, focusing in particular on pensioner households
A survey of the UK benefit system
This paper describes all the main benefits in the UK system, giving details of rates and allowances, as well as numbers and types of claimants and levels of expenditure
The living standards of families with children reporting low incomes
The Government has high-profile child poverty targets which are assessed using a measure of income, as recorded in the Household Below Average Income series (HBAI). However, income is an imperfect measure of living standards. Previous analysis suggests that some children in households with low income do not have commensurately low living standards. This report aims to document the extent to which this is true, focusing on whether children in low-income households have different living standards depending on whether their parents are employed, self-employed, or workless
Environment of compact extragalactic radio sources
We have studied the interrelation of young AGN with their hosts. The objects
of study are the young and powerful GPS and CSS radio sources. Due to their
small size, GPS and CSS sources are excellent probes of this relation.
Furhthermore, their young age allows us to compare them to the larger, old
radio sources and establish a time-line evolution of this relation. Combining
imaging and spectroscopy at UV, optical and radio wavelengths we find evidence
of strong interaction between the host and the radio source. The presence and
expansion of the radio source clearly affects the properties and evolution of
the host. Furthermore, the radio source and host significantly affect each
other's evolution. We describe our results and how these interactions take
place.Comment: 6 pages. To appear in "Highlights of Spanisg astrophysics IV.
Proceedings of the VII scientific meeting of the Spanish Astronomical
Society". Editors: F. Figueras, J.M. Girart, M.Hernanz, C. Jordi. Springe
Extended emission around GPS radio sources
Extended radio emission detected around a sample of GHz Peaked Spectrum (GPS)
radio sources is discussed. Evidence for extended emission which is related to
the GPS source is found in 6 objects out of 33. Three objects are associated
with quasars with core-jet pc-scale morphology, and three are identified with
galaxies with symmetric (CSO) radio morphology. We conclude that the core-jet
GPS quasars are likely to be beamed objects with a continuous supply of energy
from the core to the kpc scale. It is also possible that low surface brightness
extended radio emission is present in other GPS quasars but the emission is
below our detection limit due to the high redshifts of the objects. On the
other hand, the CSO/galaxies with extended large scale emission may be
rejuvenated sources where the extended emission is the relic of previous
activity. In general, the presence of large scale emission associated with GPS
galaxies is uncommon, suggesting that in the context of the recurrent activity
model, the time scale between subsequent bursts is in general longer than the
radiative lifetime of the radio emission from the earlier activity.Comment: 18 paged, 18 figures, accepted for publication on A&
The Properties and Gaseous Environments of Powerful Classical Double Radio Galaxies
The properties of a sample of 31 very powerful classical double radio
galaxies with redshifts between zero and 1.8 are studied. The source
velocities, beam powers, ambient gas densities, total lifetimes, and total
outflow energies are presented and discussed. The rate of growth of each side
of each source were obtained using a spectral aging analysis. The beam power
and ambient gas density were obtained by applying the strong shock jump
conditions to the ends of each side of the source. The total outflow lifetime
was obtained by applying the power-law relationship between the beam power and
the total source lifetime derived elsewhere for sources of this type, and the
total outflow energy was obtained by combining the beam power and the total
source lifetime. Composite profiles were constructed by combining results
obtained from each side of each source. The composite profiles indicate that
the ambient gas density falls with distance from the central engine. The source
velocities, beam powers, total lifetimes, and total energies seem to be
independent of radio source size. This is consistent with the standard model in
which each source grows at a roughly constant rate during which time the
central engine puts out a roughly constant beam power. The fact that the total
source lifetimes and energies are independent of radio source size indicates
that the sources are being sampled at random times during their lifetimes.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, to appear in "Extragalactic Jets: Theory and
Observation from Radio to Gamma Ray", eds. T. A. Rector and D. S. De Young,
ASP conference series, Replaced version has minor textual correction
Posttranslational Truncation of E-Cadherin and Significance for Tumour Progression
Stable intraepithelial adhesion complexes are essential for
the maintenance of epithelial integrity. Alterations in these
complexes are key events in the development and progression
of many diseases. One of the major proteins involved in
maintaining epithelial cell-cell adhesion is the cell-adhesion
junction protein E-cadherin, a member of the cadherin family
of transmembrane adhesion proteins. E-cadherin is involved
in many cellular processes including morphogenesis,
adhesion, recognition, communication and oncogenesis. Inactivation
of its adhesive properties is often a key step in
tumour progression and metastasis, leading to its recent description
as a tumour suppressor gene. Mutations of the Ecadherin
gene CDH1 in gastric and mammary cancers have
been well documented and reports of transcriptional repression
during tumour progression are increasing. This review
examines the role of posttranslational truncation of Ecadherin
in cancer cells focusing on implications for tumour
progression. The various proteins involved in the directed
cleavage of E-cadherin and consequences of these truncations
are discussed
Spectral variability in faint high frequency peakers
We present the analysis of simultaneous multi-frequency Very Large Array
(VLA) observations of 57 out of 61 sources from the ``faint'' high frequency
peaker (HFP) sample carried out in various epochs. Sloan Digital Sky Survey
(SDSS) data have been used to identify the optical counterpart of each radio
source. From the analysis of the multi-epoch spectra we find that 24 sources do
not show evidence of spectral variability, while 12 objects do not possess a
peaked spectrum anymore at least in one of the observing epochs. Among the
remaining 21 sources showing some degree of variability, we find that in 8
objects the spectral properties change consistently with the expectation for a
radio source undergoing adiabatic expansion. The comparison between the
variability and the optical identification suggests that the majority of radio
sources hosted in galaxies likely represent the young radio source population,
whereas the majority of those associated with quasars are part of a different
population similar to flat-spectrum objects, which possess peaked spectra
during short intervals of their life, as found in other samples of
high-frequency peaking objects. The analysis of the optical images from the
SDSS points out the presence of companions around 6 HFP hosted in galaxies,
suggesting that young radio sources resides in groups.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures; accepted for publication in MNRA
- …