Eine Aussicht auf Reval (Tallinn) samt ihrer Befestigungen

Ragnar Nurk: A view on talllinn with her fortificationsKeywords: Karl (Carl) Ferdinand von Kügelgen (1772–1831);cityscape, realism, Tallinn, first half of the 19th century,artillery fortificationSummary:The article introduces one of the best examples of the once popular Tallinn cityscape motif: a painting that is artistically significant but also valuable as a historical document. The oil painting from the the collection of the Art Museum of Estonia is attributed to Karl (Carl) Ferdinand von Kügelgen (1772–1831), a landscape painter from Rhineland who had family ties in the Tallinn region and spent the last years of his life there. Besides that fact, the technical mastery also supports the attributionto Kügelgen. The representation is historically accurate – true tothe period of time when Kügelgen resided in the city, and the detail of depictions implies substantial knowledge of the Tallinn area. Still, art historian Voldemar Vaga has drawn attention to the fact that in contrast to Kügelgen’s typically Classicist and slightly beautifying depictions of reality, this painting is Realist to the smallest detail. The motif under scrutiny is common both in painting and in graphic art from the 1820s to 1850s. The paintings with this motif depict a declining provincial city and a fort of the Russian Empire that had reached its height in the medieval times. Kügelgen’s painting shows clearly the expanse of the entrenchments taking up the space between the city centre and the outskirts and it also exposes a dissimilarity in construction methods as well as a spatial separation between the two areas. An outstanding depicted detail is Nunnavall (German „Nonnenwall”), an earthen entrenchment seen just in front of the city wall together with a polygonal stone construction between the sections of the entrenchment – the most realistic extant  depiction of this feature. From other images and the city plans of the time we can infer that initially there were two stone  constructions – placed at both intersections of the entrenchment. One of the constructions is later incorporated into the larger  Skoone bastion that can be seen on the background of the painting. The depiction of these buildings suggests that they functioned as caponiers – a type of a bunker for the defenceof the moat, and not as bastions. Also, it is possible that these buildings were actually built later than the rest of the rampart, e.g. from the period of the Livonian War (1558–1583). Tody The Old Town and its surrounding city wall have survived much the same as depicted in the painting. In contrast, the earthen entrenchments have been entirely flattened and in their place parks have been developed.CV :Ragnar Nurk is a doctoral student at the Institute of History of Tallinn University, and works as an archaeologist. His master’s thesis on the development and architecture of a section of Tallinn bastion zone near Anthony‘s Hill (German „Antonius-Berg”, Estonian „Tõnismäe”) earned him the Estonian Academy of Sciences Student Research Prize in 2011

Private and Public Antitrust Enforcement Live Together in Perfect Harmony? Antitrust Enforcement after the Harmonisation of Private Damages Actions

Private actions for damages for competition law infringements has been a fiercely discussed topic in the European Union for more than a decade now. It was the famous Courage v. Crehan judgment from 2001, where the Court of Justice for the first time expressly stated that ‘any individual’ has the right to claim damages for a breach of EU competition law. Following the Green Paper in 2005, in 2008 the Commission issued the White Paper, which entailed a number of measures to be taken in order to overcome the current ineffectiveness of antitrust damages actions and to ensure that all victims of infringements of EU competition law can fully be compensated for their harm. In addition to addressing the procedural obstacles faced by litigants, the White Paper also included measures, which would form private enforcement’s relationship with public enforcement and indicate the former’s position in the overall enforcement system. It is this controversial role of private enforcement, which provided the inspiration for this thesis. The main function of private damages actions is to compensate the victims. For the Commission, however, the main function of competition enforcement is deterrence, where private damages actions contribute only little. This perception of the Commission greatly influenced the content of the proposals made in the White Paper, especially when it had to weigh the two enforcement methods against each other. There are four main areas dealt with in the White Paper, where in addition to facilitating damages claims, the Commission has also influenced the relationship between private and public enforcement. These are: the binding effect of NCA decisions, leniency, access to evidence and finally fines and damages. After having analysed these four areas, the conclusion is that the Commission’s proposals improve the potential claimants’ conditions for claiming damages, but at the same time, they also aim to ensure the dominance of public enforcement. This is especially clear in relation to leniency, where the Commission’s proposal to limit civil liability of successful leniency applicants goes directly against the principle of full compensation for all victims. Therefore, it seems that the Commission considers private damages actions mostly as adding to the deterrent effect, thus not prioritising their compensatory nature. Thus, even if the damages actions are facilitated by the measure, private enforcement still only has a secondary role next to public enforcement in the EU

What is the difference between the breakpoint graph and the de Bruijn graph?

The breakpoint graph and the de Bruijn graph are two key data structures in the studies of genome rearrangements and genome assembly. However, the classical breakpoint graphs are defined on two genomes (represented as sequences of synteny blocks), while the classical de Bruijn graphs are defined on a single genome (represented as DNA strings). Thus, the connection between these two graph models is not explicit. We generalize the notions of both the breakpoint graph and the de Bruijn graph, and make it transparent that the breakpoint graph and the de Bruijn graph are mathematically equivalent. The explicit description of the connection between these important data structures provides a bridge between two previously separated bioinformatics communities studying genome rearrangements and genome assembly

Programming Teaching Methods and Implementation in a Secondary School Elective Course

Selles töös antakse ülevaade kuuest programmeerimise õpetamise meetodist ja nendest kolme (paarisprogrammeerimine, mängupõhine programmeerimine, kommenteeri-ja-kodeeri) rakendamisest gümnaasiumi valikkursusel. Samuti kirjeldatakse hetkeolukorda programmeerimise õpetamises Eestis, tutvustatakse käesoleva töö aluseks oleva kursuse läbiviimist ning analüüsitakse õpilaste arvamust rakendatud meetoditest ja programmeerimisest kui karjäärivalikust.This paper gives an overview of six programming teaching methods and the implementation of three of those (Pair programming, Game-themed programming, Comment-first-coding) in a secondary school elective course. Also, the current state of programming teaching in Estonia and the conducting of the elective programming course are described. Lastly, the students’ opinion on the implemented methods and programming as a career choice is analysed

Kosmeetiku eriala kutseõpetajate hinnangud kätehoolduse interaktiivsele õppevideole

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5451084*es

Soo- ja uudismaa-traktoriatrade ametlikkude võrdlusproovitööde ja kontrolli aruanne

Digiteeritud Euroopa Regionaalarengu Fondi rahastusel, projekti "Eesti teadus- ja õppekirjandus" (2014-2020.12.03.21-0848) raames.https://www.ester.ee/record=b1465090*es

Adrad : nende ehitus ja käsitsemine

Digiteeritud Euroopa Regionaalarengu Fondi rahastusel, projekti "Eesti teadus- ja õppekirjandus" (2014-2020.12.03.21-0848) raames.https://www.ester.ee/record=b1436504*es

Tallinn Music Week - folgi showcase 2012

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2608769~S13*es