Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengendali Irigasi Berbasis Analisis Evapotranspirasi Dengan Kontroler On/off

Food is a basic requirement for life so that the availability is absolutely necessary of all time. The need for food continues to increase along with the growth of population. While the source of the water decreases and becomes scarce during the dry season. So the real action to improve agricultural products is indispensable. One way to meet the water needs of plants properly is to calculate the crop evapotranspiration with Penman-Monteith equation. While the tools to realize the results of these calculations is to create an irrigation controllers system. Irrigation control system that is made has inputs from weather environment obtained with the sensor and has an output valve to drain the water. The main parameters are used as input air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation. All parameters acquired digitally except solar radiation, solar radiation are acquired from correlation shaping using artificial neural networks algorithm with input temperature and light intensity. The type of valve used is on/off with controller type used is on/off. This study divided into three steps, the first steps is modeling with matlab software. Second, the design of simulation tools with results shown on oscilloscope. Third, the design of the controller device. Artificial neural networks are used feedforward structure with 2 hidden layer. The amount of the first layer size is 15x2 matrix and The amount of the second layer is 1, which produces a fairly good prediction, i.e., with the largest error of 1.13%. The simulation results of the control system on/off produces an error of 1.8% while the application of control system on/off produces an error of 2.20%

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field