Investigating the Impact of Collagen-Chitosan Derived from Scomberomorus Guttatus and Shrimp Skin on Second-Degree Burn in Rats Model

Background: The present study focused on burning as one of the main causes of mortality with detrimental economic and social effects in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of collagen-chitosan gel extracted from Scomberomorus guttatus and shrimp skin in the treatment of second degree burn healing among rats. Materials & method: To fulfill the purpose of the study, chitosan and collagen were extracted respectively from shrimp and Scomberomorus guttatus skin waste by the acid-based method and were evaluated by using Pico Tag, SDS-PAGE. The burn wound healing efficiency of marine collagen-chitosan gel was examined in vivo using rats. Three different ratios of collagen and chitosan blend (Col-CH, 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) were prepared to obtain the most effective Col-CH gel for burn wound healing and were compared to the animals treated with silver sulfadiazine ointment. Healing burn wound was studied by measuring wound surface area with Image J and histopathologic examination was carried out based on the mean of epithelialization, fibroblastic cells, acute and chronic inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, structure collagen and the amount of collagen on days 15 and 25 post-burn. Results: The results of SDS-PAGE indicated that the extracted collagen was type I and it was composed of two α (α1 and α2) chains. Amino acid analysis showed a much higher glaycin content in extracted collagen which amounted to one-third of the total amino. The wound surface measurement showed a significant reduction in wound size in the group treated with Col-CH (3:1) compared to silver-sulfadiazine treated group on 15th and 25th days. Histopathological findings represented a high score in epithelialization, collagen, collagen structure, fibroblast cell and a decrease in inflammatory cells infiltration in Col-CH (3:1) treated group on 25th day. The most obvious finding of the present study is that chitosan-collagen gel (3:1) represented a better efficacy compared to sulfadiazine in burn wound healing on day 25 post-burn. © 2021 The Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicin

How preparation and preservation procedures affect the properties of amniotic membrane? How safe are the procedures?

Human amniotic membrane (AM) has been widely used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. AM has many favorable characteristics such as high biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, anti-scarring property, immunomodulatory effects, anti-cancer behavior and contains several growth factors that make it an excellent natural candidate for wound healing. To date, various methods have been developed to prepare, preserve, cross-link and sterilize the AM. These methods remarkably affect the morphological, physico-chemical and biological properties of AM. Optimization of an effective and safe method for preparation and preservation of AM for a specific application is critical. In this review, the isolation, different methods of preparation, preservation, cross-linking and sterilization as well as their effects on properties of AM are well discussed. For each section, at least one effective and safe protocol is described in detail. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and ISB

Comparative gene-expression profiling of CD133+ and CD133- D10 melanoma cells

Aims: The present study aimed to compare the gene-expression profiling of CD133+ and CD133- D10 cells. Materials & methods: Cancer stem cell-like properties and gene-expression profiling of CD133+ D10 cells versus CD133- cells were evaluated. Results: The CD133+ D10 cells showed significantly higher clonogenic and spheroid forming potential, also higher expression of stemness genes NANOG and OCT4A compared with the CD133- cells. Gene-expression profiling of CD133+ versus CD133- D10 cells revealed that 130 genes including ABC transporter superfamily (ABCC1, ABCG2 and ABCC6) were upregulated, while 61 genes including apoptosis modifying genes (CASP8 and TNFRSF4) were downregulated. Conclusion: We conclude that many genes involved in drug resistance and tumor aggressiveness are upregulated in CD133+ D10 cells and targeting them might be an efficient strategy for treatment of melanoma. © 2015 Future Medicine Ltd

Synthesis and characterisation of highly interconnected porous poly(ε-caprolactone)-collagen scaffolds: a therapeutic design to facilitate tendon regeneration

Current tissue-engineering approaches require improved biomaterials to balance microstructural and mechanical design criteria. We investigated the effect of adding a naturally occurring polymer, collagen, to a synthetic scaffold made of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Hybrid PCL-collagen scaffolds with different collagen concentrations were prepared by solvent casting and freeze-drying techniques that included a subsequent chemical cross-linking. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterise the microstructure and chemical interactions of the scaffolds. We found that the porous structure of the scaffolds can be tailored by changing the collagen concentration. In addition, we concluded that the scaffolds with 40 collagen exhibit remarkable enhancement in physicochemical and biological characteristics for tendon regeneration. The regenerated tissues were oriented longitudinally in relation to the long axis of the natural tendon, with a substantial number of blood vessels appearing deep within the scaffolds. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Synthesis and characterisation of highly interconnected porous poly(ε-caprolactone)-collagen scaffolds: a therapeutic design to facilitate tendon regeneration

Current tissue-engineering approaches require improved biomaterials to balance microstructural and mechanical design criteria. We investigated the effect of adding a naturally occurring polymer, collagen, to a synthetic scaffold made of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Hybrid PCL-collagen scaffolds with different collagen concentrations were prepared by solvent casting and freeze-drying techniques that included a subsequent chemical cross-linking. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterise the microstructure and chemical interactions of the scaffolds. We found that the porous structure of the scaffolds can be tailored by changing the collagen concentration. In addition, we concluded that the scaffolds with 40 collagen exhibit remarkable enhancement in physicochemical and biological characteristics for tendon regeneration. The regenerated tissues were oriented longitudinally in relation to the long axis of the natural tendon, with a substantial number of blood vessels appearing deep within the scaffolds. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Fabrication of cancellous biomimetic chitosan-based nanocomposite scaffolds applying a combinational method for bone tissue engineering

The aim of this study was to mimic the specific structure of bone and fabricate a biomimetic nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)/chitosan (Cs)/gelatin scaffolds using combination of particle leaching and freeze drying methods eliminating mold effects. To achieve an optimum structure, scaffolds with different gelatin/Cs weight ratio were fabricated. Morphological characterization of scaffolds by scanning electron microscopy method showed highly interconnected porous structures similar to cancellous bone with mean pore size ranging from 140 to 190 μm. Nano-HA crystals were dispersed homogeneously in the polymer matrix according to the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction results disclosed that chemical interactions were formed between nano-HA, Cs, gelatin and crystallinity of each material decreased with blending. It was found that increasing the gelatin content significantly improved water uptake, degradation rate as well as attachment, infiltration and proliferation of Saos2 cells to the scaffolds. The presented results confirm that the designed biomimetic nano-HA /Cs/gelatin scaffolds can be used as promising substitutes for bone tissue engineering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1882-1892, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Induction of human umbilical Wharton�s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells toward motor neuron-like cells

The most important property of stem cells from different sources is the capacity to differentiate into various cells and tissue types. However, problems including contamination, normal karyotype, and ethical issues cause many limitations in obtaining and using these cells from different sources. The cells in Wharton�s jelly region of umbilical cord represent a pool source of primitive cells with properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of this study was to determine the potential of human Wharton�s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) for differentiation to motor neuron cells. WJMSCs were induced to differentiate into motor neuron-like cells by using different signaling molecules and neurotrophic factors in vitro. Differentiated neurons were then characterized for expression of motor neuron markers including nestin, PAX6, NF-H, Islet 1, HB9, and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunocytochemistry. Our results showed that differentiated WJMSCs could significantly express motor neuron biomarkers in RNA and protein levels 15 d post induction. These results suggested that WJMSCs can differentiate to motor neuron-like cells and might provide a potential source in cell therapy for neurodegenerative disease. © 2015, The Society for In Vitro Biology

Differentiation of Wharton�s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Motor Neuron-Like Cells on Three-Dimensional Collagen-Grafted Nanofibers

Cell transplantation strategies have provided potential therapeutic approaches for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton�s jelly (WJMSCs) are abundant and available adult stem cells with low immunological incompatibility, which could be considered for cell replacement therapy in the future. However, MSC transplantation without any induction or support material causes poor control of cell viability and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of the nanoscaffolds on WJMSCs differentiation into motor neuronal lineages in the presence of retinoic acid (RA) and sonic hedgehog (Shh). Surface properties of scaffolds have been shown to significantly influence cell behaviors such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Therefore, polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were constructed via electrospinning, surface modified by plasma treatment, and grafted by collagen. Characterization of the scaffolds by means of ATR-FTIR, contact angel, and Bradford proved grafting of the collagen on the surface of the scaffolds. WJMSCs were seeded on nanofibrous and tissue culture plate (TCP) and viability of WJMSCs were measured by MTT assay and then induced to differentiate into motor neuron-like cells for 15 days. Differentiated cells were evaluated morphologically, and real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry methods were done to evaluate expression of motor neuron-like cell markers in mRNA and protein levels. Our results showed that obtained cells could express motor neuron biomarkers at both RNA and protein levels, but the survival and differentiation of WJMSCs into motor neuron-like cells on the PCL/collagen scaffold were higher than cultured cells in the TCP and PCL groups. Taken together, WJMSCs are an attractive stem cell source for inducing into motor neurons in vitro especially when grown on nanostructural scaffolds and PCL/collagen scaffolds can provide a suitable, three-dimensional situation for neuronal survival and differentiation that suggest their potential application towards nerve regeneration. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York

Enhanced sciatic nerve regeneration by human endometrial stem cells in an electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone)/collagen/NBG nerve conduit in rat

NoIn recent years, for neurodegenerative diseases therapy, research has focused on the stem cells therapy. Due to promising findings in stem cell therapy, there are various sources of stem cells for transplantation in human. The aim of this study was to evaluate sciatic nerve regeneration in the rat after nerve transaction followed by human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) treatment into poly (e-caprolactone)/collagen/nanobioglass (PCL/collagen/NBG) nanofibrous conduits. After treatment of animals, the performance in motor and sensory tests, showed significant improvement in rats treated with hEnSCs as an autograft. H&E images provided from cross-sectional and, longitudinal-sections of the harvested regenerative nerve as well as immunohistochemistry results indicated that regenerative nerve fibres had been formed and accompanied with new blood vessels in the conduit cell group. Due to the advantage of high surface area for cell attachment, it is reported that this electrospun nerve conduit could find more application in cell therapy for nerve regeneration in future, to further improve the functional regeneration outcome, especially for longer nerve defect restoration. In conclusion, our results suggest that the PCL/collagen/NBG nanofibrous conduit filled with hEnSCs is a suitable strategy to improve nerve regeneration after a nerve transaction in rat.Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) grant number 9584951