Shear Flows and Shear Viscosity in a Two-Dimensional Yukawa System (Dusty Plasma)

The shear viscosity of a two-dimensional liquid-state dusty plasma was measured experimentally. A monolayer of highly charged polymer microspheres, with a Yukawa interaction, was suspended in a plasma sheath. Two counter-propagating Ar laser beams pushed the particles, causing shear-induced melting of the monolayer and a shear flow in a planar Couette configuration. By fitting the particle velocity profiles in the shear flow to a Navier-Stokes model, the kinematic viscosity was calculated; it was of order 1 mm^2/s, depending on the monolayer's parameters and shear stress applied.Comment: all 3 figures are combined in a separate pdf fil

Anisotropic shear melting and recrystallization of a two-dimensional complex (dusty) plasma

A two-dimensional plasma crystal was melted by suddenly applying localized shear stress. A stripe of particles in the crystal was pushed by the radiation pressure force of a laser beam. We found that the response of the plasma crystal to stress and the eventual shear melting depended strongly on the crystal's angular orientation relative to the laser beam. Shear stress and strain rate were measured, from which the spatially resolved shear viscosity was calculated. The latter was shown to have minima in the regions with high velocity shear, thus demonstrating shear thinning. Shear-induced reordering was observed in the steady-state flow, where particles formed strings aligned in the flow direction.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Physical Review

Supersonic dislocations observed in a plasma crystal

Experimental results on the dislocation dynamics in a two-dimensional plasma crystal are presented. Edge dislocations were created in pairs in lattice locations where the internal shear stress exceeded a threshold and then moved apart in the glide plane at a speed higher than the sound speed of shear waves, $C_T$. The experimental system, a plasma crystal, allowed observation of this process at an atomistic (kinetic) level. The early stage of this process is identified as a stacking fault. At a later stage, supersonically moving dislocations generated shear-wave Mach cones

Dust interferometers in plasmas

An interferometric imaging technique has been proposed to instantly measure the diameter of individual spherical dust particles suspended in a gas discharge plasma. The technique is based on the defocused image analysis of both spherical particles and their binary agglomerates. Above a critical diameter, the defocused images of spherical particles contain stationary interference fringe patterns and the fringe number increases with particle diameters. Below this critical diameter, the particle size has been measured using the rotational interference fringe patterns which appear only on the defocused images of binary agglomerates. In this case, a lower cut-off limit of particle diameter has been predicted, below which no such rotational fringe patterns are observed for the binary agglomerates. The method can be useful as a diagnostics for complex plasma experiments on earth as well as under microgravity condition

Microstructure of a liquid complex (dusty) plasma under shear

The microstructure of a strongly coupled liquid undergoing a shear flow was studied experimentally. The liquid was a shear melted two-dimensional plasma crystal, i.e., a single-layer suspension of micrometer-size particles in a rf discharge plasma. Trajectories of particles were measured using video microscopy. The resulting microstructure was anisotropic, with compressional and extensional axes at around $\pm 45^{\circ}$ to the flow direction. Corresponding ellipticity of the pair correlation function $g({\bf r})$ or static structure factor $S(\bf{k})$ gives the (normalized) shear rate of the flow.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Quasi-two-dimensional complex plasma containing spherical particles and their binary agglomerates

A new type of quasi-two-dimensional complex plasma system was observed which consisted of monodisperse microspheres and their binary agglomerations (dimers). The particles and their dimers levitated in a plasma sheath at slightly different heights and formed two distinct sublayers. The sys- tem did not crystallize and may be characterized as disordered solid. The dimers were identified based on their characteristic appearance in defocused images, i.e., rotating interference fringe pat- terns. The in-plane and inter-plane particle separations exhibit nonmonotonic dependence on the discharge pressure which agrees well with theoretical predictions

Coupling of non-crossing wave modes in a two-dimensional plasma crystal

We report an experimental observation of coupling of the transverse vertical and longitudinal in-plane dust-lattice wave modes in a two-dimensional complex plasma crystal in the absence of mode crossing. A new large diameter rf plasma chamber was used to suspend the plasma crystal. The observations are confirmed with molecular-dynamics simulations. The coupling manifests itself in traces of the transverse vertical mode appearing in the measured longitudinal spectra and vice versa. We calculate the expected ratio of the trace to the principal mode with a theoretical analysis of the modes in a crystal with finite temperature and find good agreement with the experiment and simulations.Comment: 4 figures, 5 pages, accepted for publication in PRL Nov 201

FORGIVENESS AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL COPING RESOURCE OF A MATURE PERSONALITY

Розглянуто  теоретичні  концепції  ролі  готовності  пробачати  як  особистісного фактора, що впливає на ефективність психологічного подолання стресу. Наведено емпіричні дані, що свідчать про наявність розбіжностей між групами досліджуваних із різними рівнями схильності пробачати (себе, інших і загального рівня пробачення) за показниками ефективності копінг-поведінки. З’ясовано, що за високого рівня схильності до самопробачення індивіди характеризуються низьким рівнем звернення до емоційно-фокусованої копінг-стратегії та самоінвалідизації як негативної  проактивної  копінг-стратегії.  Доведено,  що  за  високого  рівня  готовності пробачати інших спостерігається низький рівень відволікання та наявність тенденції до високого рівня пошуку соціальної підтримки в подоланні стресу. За високого загального рівня готовності до пробачення виявлено високий рівень орієнтації на вирішення проблеми, низький рівень застосування стратегії фокусування на емоціях і низький рівень прояву тенденції до самоінвалідизації.Рассмотрены  теоретические  концепции  роли  готовности  к  прощению  в  обеспечении  эффективности  психологического  преодоления  стресса. Описаны результаты эмпирического исследования, свидетельствующие о наличии различий между группами испытуемых с разными уровнями склонности к прощению в эффективности психологического преодоления стресса. Установлено, что при высоком уровне готовности к самопрощению отмечается низкий уровень обращения к эмоционально-фокусированной стратегии копинг-поведения и самоинвалидизации. Доказано, что при высоком уровне склонности к прощению других наблюдается низкий уровень применения стратегии отвлечения. При высоком общем уровне склонности к прощению зафиксированы высокая вероятность выбора проблемно-ориентированной стратегии психологического преодоления стресса и низкий уровень ориентации на эмоциональное реагирование и самоинвалидизацию.Background. Researchers who study forgiveness have used different theoretical conceptualizations  of  the  construct.  Most  agree  that  forgiveness  is  a  complex  phenomenon (Enright and Fitzgibbons, 2000), which involves cognitive (Flanigan, 1992), affective (Malcolm & Greenberg, 2000), behavioral (Gordon et al., 2000), motivational (McCullough et al., 1997), decisional (DiBlasio, 1998), and interpersonal (Baumeister et al., 1998) aspects. Forgiveness  was  also  interpreted  in  terms  of  coping  strategies  (Worthington  & Scherer, 2004, Strelan & Covic, 2006), though there is no uniform statements as to which types of strategies are likely to be related to forgiveness.Objectives. The aim of the present study was to analyse the multifunctional nature of forgiveness and test the hypothesis that proneness to forgiveness facilitates the ef?cacy of the individual’s coping with stressful situations.Method.  For  the  empirical  research  we  have  used  Heartland  Forgiveness  Scale (Thompson, Snyder, Hoffman, 2005), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (Endler &  Parker,  1990,  adapted  by  T.  Kryukova,  2001)  and  The  Self-Handicapping  Scale (Jones & Rhodewalt, 1982, adapted by D. Nosenko).Sample.  Participants  (36  females  and  26  males)  of  the  ?rst  mature  age  group (21 – 35 years) were recruited from the population of the university undergraduate and graduate students as well as the university alumni who volunteered to participate as acquaintances of the authors.Results. The research has shown that the individuals with high level of willingness to forgive demonstrate lower frequency of resorting to the emotion-focused coping in comparison with the individuals characterized as unforgiving, lower proneness to self-handicapping as well as the lower tendency to avoidance. Conclusion. The research ?ndings have con?rmed the hypothesis about the existence of the statistically signi?cant differences between the individuals with different levels of willingness to forgive in the ef?cacy of coping (both reactive and proactive)

First direct measurement of optical phonons in 2D plasma crystals

Spectra of phonons with out-of-plane polarization were studied experimentally in a 2D plasma crystal. The dispersion relation was directly measured for the first time using a novel method of particle imaging. The out-of-plane mode was proven to have negative optical dispersion, comparison with theory showed good agreement. The effect of the plasma wakes on the dispersion relation is briefly discussed.Comment: submitted to Physical Review Letter