Social policy of the state in interrelation with the general economic policy instruments

Social policy in the Russian economy is currently being superimposed on the common actions of the state in the regulation of economic processes and the implementation of the overall economic policy of the state. The situation in the Russian economy in turn develops within the framework of the formation and presence of certain objective constraints affecting the effectiveness of social policy implementation. Insufficient financial resources, the crisis situation and the availability of different points of view regarding the future path of development and the effectiveness of the necessary tools used by the state significantly influence the development of a number of negative social consequences, determine both the potential opportunities for implementing social policy and the actual conditions for the implementation of the process of interaction between social and economic politicians. The conditions for the implementation of social policy require taking into account a number of points in the applied tools of economic policy: possible delay in the actions of the state in comparison with current economic processes, taking into account the formed mentality of the population, Pareto efficiency in determining the optimal balance between state actions to stabilize the economic situation and household activities within the framework prevention of a decline in the level of well-being. Indirect factors determining the basic conditions for increasing the effectiveness of social policy of the state form potential opportunities for economic development

Economic development and migration

© 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved. At present population migration is a global problem that requires a serious and deep analysis of both how to address underlying causes of migration and its socio-economic consequences. Analyzing migration flows is necessary for both the source country and the recipient one. Migration issues in contemporary society are interrelated with the problems of economic development, with the problems of human rights and determine the features of the society development

Inequality and economic growth in the Russian economy

© MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. During the transformation of the market economy in the last decade, its advantages, competition, price mechanism and efficiency in the allocation of society's resources could be combined with social policies. In a modern economy market mechanisms don’t warrant themselves in a number of spheres. For increase of efficiency of functioning of the economy in general these spheres, as well as addressing the global challenges of poverty reduction and inequality are subject to the government regulation. Problems of inequality and poverty in the Russian economy are directly concerned with the problems of achieving positive economic growth. Economic growth forms the environment that provides reduction of excessive inequality

Impact of regional economic development on migration processes

Factors influencing intensification of a migration process should be defined as the potential opportunities of migration, and the actual conditions of implementation of a migration process. Conditions of implementation of a migration process require to determine the intensity of the migration process for formation of priorities within the framework of migration, as well as the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of migration. The factors influencing a migration may be divided into direct (inequality level, poverty level, the value of individual's real income, and the value of his/her real wages), and indirect which include the effectiveness of a national or regional economy (when considering the migration processes within one country). Direct factors permit a comparison of the parameters in the countries interrelated with a migration process. Changes in these parameters that are adjusted to the expectations of migrants and to the existing information asymmetry upon formation of the optimal solution for the migration enable virtually (on the basis of the information collected) to evaluate the importance of each of these parameters during formation of a decision to migrate. Indirect factors which determine the basic conditions of an intensification of the migration process is form the potential opportunities of migration. It is necessary to include in the number of indirect factors not only parameters of a national economy as a whole, but also the parameters of the development of certain regions or areas which form a migration attractiveness of these regions. In this case the migration attractiveness should be defined both by the overall macroeconomic parameters of the region development, and by a socio-psychological climate, and social development priorities

EPR of Gd3+ in single crystal colquiriite and analysis of the spin Hamiltonian tensors B4 and B6

In single crystal colquiriite LiCaAlF6 doped with Gd3+ ions two EPR spectra of the Gd3+ ions with the Laue site-symmetry groups Ci and C3i were observed. The spectrum angular dependence for trigonal Gd3+ centre was investigated in detail and corresponding spin Hamiltonian parameters were fitted. From analysis of the spin Hamiltonian tensors B4 and B6 it was established that Gd3+ with the Laue group C3i substitutes at Ca2+ site with the excess charge compensation by an ion located along the threefold axis from this site. The transformation formulas for a sixth-rank irreducible Hermitian tensor under coordinate rotation are tabulated in an explicit form. By using the EPR data for Gd3+ substituted in a variety of host crystals, the fourth-rank and sixth-rank tensors of Gd3+ spin Hamiltonians were tabulated and correlated with structures of the coordination polyhedra at substitution sites. The results suppose a predominance of quadratic crystal field contributions into the spin Hamiltonian tensor B4 of Gd3+. © Springer-Verlag 1997

Russian oil and gas regions during the COVID-19 crisis and their digital transformation

Relevance. One of the key long-term strategic goals of Russia's economic development is to increase the share of the digital and green economy in the gross product of the country and its regions.  The recession caused by the pandemic has brought to the forefront the challenges of digitalization in the country's oil and gas sector, which was among the hardest hit sectors, and thus required significant effort on the part of regional governments.Research objective. This research aims to demonstrate the key role played by digitalization and environmentalization in the recovery of the Russian oil and gas regions from the pandemic.Data and methods. The study provides an overview of the Russian and international research literature on the ways to foster economic recovery and growth after the COVID-19 pandemic, including the publications of the United Nations and the World Economic Forum. Methodologically, the study relies on the empirical, general scientific methods and methods of economic statistics. We used in our calculations the data from the open-access statistical yearbook 'Russian Regions' published by Rosstat.Results The study analyzed the challenges of digitalization faced by Russian oil and gas regions to show the need for institutional transformations on the national level. We also formulated some recommendations for the improvement of the evaluation of regional governments' digitalization efforts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the more general evaluation of the digital transformation of regional economies.Conclusions To stimulate economic growth of Russian oil and gas regions recovering from the pandemic, a viable strategy would be to place a greater emphasis on their sustainable and digital development. In the international rankings such as the EDGI Ranking presented  annually by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), Russia occupies a high position in terms of e-government services and digitalization in other spheres. Nevertheless, as far as the Russian oil and gas regions are concerned, there are considerable disparities in terms of digitalization. To accelerate digital transformation, we would highly recommend to improve the methods of evaluation of the digital progress in regional government, especially to include a set of indicators characterising regional governments' responses to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic

The concept of fruit in the Gramineae and its use in the taxonomy of the family

O uso do termo "fruto" em Gramíneas é impreciso e inconsistente. Por ser seco, monospérmico, indeiscente e apresentar-se com o pericarpo aderido ao tegumento da semente e frequentemente confundido com esta. Algumas vezes, a unidade de dispersão, a espigueta e o antécio são confundidos com o fruto. O fruto das gramíneas é uma cariopse. Sua morfologia interna e externa encerram grande número de características passíveis de uso taxonômico. As classificações da cariopse atualmente existentes não são inteiramente satisfatórias.The use of the term "fruit" in relation to the Gramineae often lacks precision and consistency. Because it is a dry, monospermic, indehiscent type of fruit and because its pericarp is adherent to the seed coat, it is often mistaken for the seed. The unit of dispersal, the spikelet and the anthoecium are sometimes misinterpreted as the fruit. The basic grass fruit is the caryopsis and its internal and external morphological features represent a great source of evidence for taxonomic use. The existing classification of the caryopsis and research needs in the field are discussed

Color centers transient absorption and ultra-short pulse lasing from LiLu0.7Y0.3F4:Ce3+ active medium

© OSA 2015. We have obtained the single pulse laser oscillation with 400±10 ps pulse duration at 311 nm from LiLu0.7Y0.3F4:Ce3+ crystal due to passive Q-switch by means of pump induced color centers absorption. In this work we discuss the role of intrinsic transient color centers on losses dynamics

Ultra-short pulses UV lasing in multifunctional Ce:LiY<inf>0.3</inf>Lu<inf>0.7</inf>F<inf>4</inf> active medium

© 2016 Optical Society of America.The single pulse laser oscillation with 400 ± 10 ps pulse duration at 311 nm from LiY0.3Lu0.7F4:Ce3+ crystal was obtained from intracavity loss modulation via pump-induced color centers bleaching. Modulation of average losses is regulated via color centers concentration that determines the multifuncionality of solarizable LiY0.3Lu0.7F4:Ce3+ active medium

Color centers transient absorption and ultra-short pulse lasing from LiLu<inf>0.7</inf>Y<inf>0.3</inf>F<inf>4</inf>:Ce³⁺ active medium

© 2016 IEEE.We have obtained the single pulse laser oscillation with 400 ps pulse duration at 311 nm from LiLu0.7Y0.3F4:Ce3+ crystal was obtained from intracavity loss modulation via pump-induced color centers bleaching. Modulation of intracavity losses is regulated via color centers concentration