Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Vernalization in Brassicaceae

A wide variation of morphological traits exists in Brassica rapa L. and Brassica oleracea L., and cultivated vegetable varieties of these species are consumed worldwide. Flowering time is an important agronomic trait in these species and varies among varieties or cultivars. Especially, leafy vegetable species need a high bolting resistance. Isolation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), one of the key genes involved in vernalization, has now provided an insight into the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of flowering time, including the role of histone modification. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, FLC plays an important role in modulating flowering time. The response to vernalization causes an increase in histone H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) that leads to reduced expression of the FLC gene. B. rapa and B. oleracea both contain several paralogs of FLC at syntenic regions identified as major flowering time and vernalization response quantitative trait loci (QTL). We introduce the recent research, not only in A. thaliana, but also in the genus Brassica from a genetic and epigenetic view point

Long noncoding RNAs in Brassica rapa L. following vernalization

© 2019, The Author(s). Brassica rapa L. is an important agricultural crop that requires a period of prolonged cold for flowering. This process is known as vernalization. Studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in abiotic stress responses and several cold-responsive noncoding RNAs have been suggested to be involved in vernalization. We examined the transcriptome of the Chinese cabbage inbred line (B. rapa L. var. pekinensis) RJKB-T24, and identified 1,444 long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), 551 natural antisense transcripts (NATs), and 93 intronic noncoding RNAs (incRNAs); 549 of the 2,088 lncRNAs significantly altered their expression in response to four weeks of cold treatment. Most differentially expressed lncRNAs did not lead to a change of expression levels in mRNAs covering or near lncRNAs, suggesting that the transcriptional responses to four weeks of cold treatment in lncRNA and mRNA are independent. However, some differentially expressed mRNAs had NATs with expression altered in the same direction. These genes were categorized as having an abiotic stress response, suggesting that the paired-expression may play a role in the transcriptional response to vernalization or cold treatment. We also identified short-term cold treatment induced NATs in BrFLC and BrMAF genes, which are involved in vernalization. The lncRNAs we identified differed from those reported in Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting the role of lncRNAs in vernalization differ between these two species

The histone modification H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation has conserved gene regulatory roles in the triplicated genome of Brassica rapa L

© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Kazusa DNA Research Institute. Brassica rapa L. is an important vegetable and oilseed crop. We investigated the distribution of the histone mark tri-methylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) in B. rapa and its role in the control of gene expression at two stages of development (2-day cotyledons and 14-day leaves) and among paralogs in the triplicated genome. H3K27me3 has a similar distribution in two inbred lines, while there was variation of H3K27me3 sites between tissues. Sites that are specific to 2-day cotyledons have increased transcriptional activity, and low levels of H3K27me3 in the gene body region. In 14-day leaves, levels of H3K27me3 were associated with decreased gene expression. In the triplicated genome, H3K27me3 is associated with paralogs that have tissue-specific expression. Even though B. rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana are not closely related within the Brassicaceae, there is conservation of H3K27me3-marked sites in the two species. Both B. rapa and A. thaliana require vernalization for floral initiation with FLC being the major controlling locus. In all four BrFLC paralogs, low-temperature treatment increases H3K27me3 at the proximal nucleation site reducing BrFLC expression. Following return to normal temperature growth conditions, H3K27me3 spreads along all four BrFLC paralogs providing stable repression of the gene

The role of FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C genes in flowering time of Brassica rapa leafy vegetables

© 2019, The Author(s). There is a wide variation of flowering time among lines of Brassica rapa L. Most B. rapa leafy (Chinese cabbage etc.) or root (turnip) vegetables require prolonged cold exposure for flowering, known as vernalization. Premature bolting caused by low temperature leads to a reduction in the yield/quality of these B. rapa vegetables. Therefore, high bolting resistance is an important breeding trait, and understanding the molecular mechanism of vernalization is necessary to achieve this goal. In this study, we demonstrated that BrFRIb functions as an activator of BrFLC in B. rapa. We showed a positive correlation between the steady state expression levels of the sum of the BrFLC paralogs and the days to flowering after four weeks of cold treatment, suggesting that this is an indicator of the vernalization requirement. We indicate that BrFLCs are repressed by the accumulation of H3K27me3 and that the spreading of H3K27me3 promotes stable FLC repression. However, there was no clear relationship between the level of H3K27me3 in the BrFLC and the vernalization requirement. We also showed that if there was a high vernalization requirement, the rate of repression of BrFLC1 expression following prolonged cold treatments was lower

Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase: a glymphopathy marker in idiopathic hydrocephalus

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in elderly people is considered a form of glymphopathy caused by malfunction of the waste clearance pathway, called the glymphatic system. Tau is a representative waste material similar to amyloid-β. During neurodegeneration, lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), a major cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein, is reported to act as a chaperone that prevents the neurotoxic aggregation of amyloid-β. L-PGDS is also a CSF biomarker in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and significantly correlates with tau concentration, age, and age-related brain white matter changes detected by magnetic resonance imaging. To investigate this glymphopathy, we aimed to analyze white matter changes and contributing factors in vivo and their interactions ex vivo. Cerebrospinal tap tests were performed in 60 patients referred for symptomatic ventriculomegaly. Patients were evaluated using an idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus grading scale, mini-mental state examination, frontal assessment battery, and timed up-and-go test. The typical morphological features of high convexity tightness and ventriculomegaly were measured using the callosal angle and Evans index, and parenchymal white matter properties were evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging followed by tract-based spatial statistics. Levels of CSF biomarkers, including tau, amyloid-β, and L-PGDS, were determined by ELISA, and their interaction, and localization were determined using immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical analyses. Tract-based spatial statistics for fractional anisotropy revealed clusters that positively correlated with mini-mental state examination, frontal assessment battery, and callosal angle, and clusters that negatively correlated with age, disease duration, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus grading scale, Evans index, and L-PGDS. Other parameters also indicated clusters that correlated with symptoms, microstructural white matter changes, and L-PGDS. Tau co-precipitated with L-PGDS, and colocalization was confirmed in postmortem specimens of neurodegenerative disease obtained from the human Brain Bank. Our study supports the diagnostic value of L-PGDS as a surrogate marker for white matter integrity in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. These results increase our understanding of the molecular players in the glymphatic system. Moreover, this study indicates the potential utility of enhancing endogenous protective factors to maintain brain homeostasis

コウブ シショウ カブ DBS ノ ヒスタミン カクセイケイ フカツ ニ ヨル テンカン ヨクセイ コウカ ノ ケンキュウ

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(医学)甲第13328号医博第3140号新制||医||957(附属図書館)UT51-2007-M951京都大学大学院医学研究科脳統御医科学系専攻(主査)教授 河野 憲二, 教授 林 拓二, 教授 髙橋 良輔学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Medical ScienceKyoto UniversityDA

人物埴輪の意義

publisher奈良5世紀中葉に埴輪祭式に出現する人物埴輪のありかたを、これまで触れられる機会の少なかった近畿各地の事例、または、関東・東北各地の事例との比較において、さらに出現前後の時代背景と祭式の整備される過程を含め、人物埴輪の出現の意義について検討を試みた

IntroMap: a signal analysis based method for the detection of genomic introgressions

Background: Breeding programs often rely on marker-assisted tests or variant calling of next generation sequence (NGS) data to identify regions of genomic introgression arising from the hybridization of two plant species. In this paper we present IntroMap, a bioinformatics pipeline for the screening of candidate plants through the application of signal processing techniques to NGS data, using alignment to a reference genome sequence (annotation is not required) that shares homology with the recurrent parental cultivar, and without the need for de novo assembly of the read data or variant calling. Results: We show the accurate identification of introgressed genomic regions using both in silico simulated genomes, and a hybridized cultivar data set using our pipeline. Additionally we show, through targeted marker-based assays, validation of the IntroMap predicted regions for the hybrid cultivar. Conclusions: This approach can be used to automate the screening of large populations, reducing the time and labor required, and can improve the accuracy of the detection of introgressed regions in comparison to a marker-based approach. In contrast to other approaches that generally rely upon a variant calling step, our method achieves accurate identification of introgressed regions without variant calling, relying solely upon alignment

Interhemispheric Resting-State Functional Connectivity Predicts Severity of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

La auditoría contable interna es una actividad independiente de supervisión, cuyo fin es mejorar las operaciones de una empresa. Esta consultoría realizada de manera objetiva, ayuda a una organización a cumplir sus metas mediante un enfoque sistemático, que permite mejorar la eficacia de los procesos. La presente investigación se desarrolló con el fin de determinar la influencia de la auditoría contable interna en las finanzas de las empresas textiles del sector de Gamarra, para ello se aplicó una encuesta a 132 contadores, empresarios y profesionales dedicados a la administración en 12 empresas de Gamarra, mientras que la casuística de desarrollo de una auditoría contable interna se realizó en la empresa Textiles El Rosario S.A. La investigación realizó una revisión de las normas aplicables a la práctica de la auditoría, tales como: Las Normas Internacionales de Auditoría (NIAS), las Normas de Auditoría Generalmente Aceptadas (NAGAS) y las Normas Internacionales para el Ejercicio de la Auditoría Interna (IIA). Esta información determinó que la auditoría interna genera un valor agregado en la compañía, ayudando desde el inicio para poder planear la visión, misión de la empresa y sus objetivos estratégicos, minimizando el riesgo y mejorando la competitividad ante sus competidores. En la actualidad, la globalización permite que las empresas penetren en mercados internacionales, por ello a través de esta investigación se demuestra la importancia de una auditoría interna realizada de manera objetiva y con un dictamen veraz, que permita a las medianas empresas del sector de Gamarra su crecimiento, a través del manejo eficiente de sus finanzas, el cumplimiento de los objetivos propuestos y el fortalecimiento del control interno.The internal accounting audit is an independent supervisory activity; whose purpose is to improve the operations of a company. This consultancy carried out in an objective manner, helps an organization to achieve its goals through a systematic approach, which allows improving the efficiency of the processes. The present investigation was developed with the purpose of determining the influence of the internal accounting audit in the finances of the textile companies of the sector of Gamarra, for it a survey was applied to 132 accountants, businessmen and professionals dedicated to the administration in 12 companies of Gamarra, while the casuistry of the development of an internal accounting audit was carried out in the company Textiles El Rosario SA The investigation conducted a review of the rules applicable to the practice of the audit, such as: International Auditing Standards (NIAS), Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (NAGAS) and International Standards for the Exercise of Internal Audit (IIA ). This information determined that the internal audit generates added value in the company, helping from the beginning to be able to plan the vision, mission of the company and its strategic objectives, minimizing the risk and improving the competitiveness before its competitors. Currently, globalization allows companies to penetrate international markets, so this research demonstrates the importance of an internal audit conducted objectively and with a truthful opinion, allowing medium-sized companies in the Gamarra sector its growth, through the efficient management of its finances, the fulfillment of the proposed objectives and the strengthening of internal control.Tesi