Interleukin 1 production during accessory cell-dependent mitogenesis of T lymphocytes

We have studied the control and significance of IL-1 production in human leukocyte cultures during accessory cell-dependent, T lymphocyte mitogenesis using sensitive bioassays and immunolabeling techniques. In primary antigen-dependent systems like the MLR, IL-1 production was not detected in accessory cells (monocytes, dendritic cells) or T cells, suggesting that it is not an early product in these responses. However, monocytes could be induced to make IL-1 after interacting with sensitized antigen-specific T cells. Both alloreactive T cell clones or freshly prepared lymphoblasts induced IL-1 provided the monocytes carried the HLA-DR antigens to which the T cells were initially sensitized. Even in these circumstances, dendritic cells and B cells failed to make IL-1. The mechanism whereby activated T cells induce IL-1 in monocytes was explored. Supernatants from cocultures of monocytes and T cells or several recombinant cytokines induced little or no IL-1. A more potent antigen independent pathway of IL-1 induction was identified. IL-1 could be induced in third-party HLA-DR nonspecific monocytes in cocultures of alloreactive T cell clones or blasts and HLA-DRE-specific dendritic cells. The induction was factor independent since dendritic cells and T blasts placed in a chamber separate from third-party monocytes by a semipermeable membrane did not induce monocyte IL-1. These results suggest that a cell contact mechanism rather than an IL-1-inducing factor leads to IL-1 production. The role of IL-1 in T cell proliferation was tested with a polyclonal anti-IL-1 antibody. The antibody failed to block the proliferation of primary T cells, or alloreactive T cell clones and blasts stimulated with HLA-specific monocytes or dendritic cells, even though IL-1 in the medium was neutralized

Experimental study of possible interaction between Salmonella enterica and Ascaris suum in pigs

An experimental inoculation study was performed to study possible interactions between Salmonella enterica and Ascaris suum in pigs. Pigs were inoculated with 109 cfu Salmonella Typhimurium, 10,000 infective A. suum eggs, or both, or left as uninfected controls. There was no significant difference in number of Salmonella-excreting animals or Salmonella excretion level in feces between pigs inoculated with Salmonella + Ascaris and pigs inoculated with Salmonella only. Occurrence of Salmonella in liver, lungs, intestines or intestinal lymph nodes was not different between these two groups either

ANALISIS MODAL KERJA DAN RENTABILITAS PERUSAHAAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (BEI) SUB SEKTOR KIMIA

This study was conducted to determine whether changes in working capital will be followed by changes in profitability, in the sense that if there is an increase in working capital whether it will be followed by an increase in profitability and vice versa if there is a decrease in working capital is followed by a decrease in profitability.The analysis used in this study is an analysis of the research variables, namely working capital and profitability projected with return on euqity (ROE), a comparative analysis of working capital and profitability to see the increase or decrease that occurs.Based on the results of the analysis it is known that there was a decrease in working capital followed by a decrease in profitability in 2011-2012. Then, there is an increase in working capital followed by increases in profitability in 2012-2013. Furthermore, there was a decline in working capital followed by a decrease in profitability in 2013-2014 and in 2014-2015, as well as an increase in working capital followed by increases in profitability in 2016-2017. The difference occurs in the 2015-2016 observation year, where there is an increase in working capital followed by a decrease in profitability

Disseminated melioidosis in early pregnancy - an unproven cause of foetal loss

Abstract Background: Melioidosis is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis is difficult to diagnose due to its diverse clinical manifestations, which often delays administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Case presentation: Melioidosis is uncommon in pregnancy but both spontaneous abortion and neonatal melioidosis have been reported. We report a case of bacteraemic melioidosis in a young woman with a subsequent spontaneous abortion, with B. pseudomallei cultured from a high vaginal swab as well as blood. Conclusion: It remains unclear in this and previously reported cases as to whether the maternal melioidosis was sexually transmitted. Keywords: Melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Pregnancy, Abortio

ExperimentaF8tud~ of the interaction between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Oesophagostomum spp.

The aim of this study has been to investigate the possible interaction between infections with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Oesophagostomum spp. In an experimental set-up, groups of 10 pigs were infected with A) a mixture of O. dentatum and O. quadrispinulatum; B) O. dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum and S. Typhimurium, and C) S. Typhimurium only. Our study suggests that Oesophagostomum spp. infection in pigs provides the basis for a prolonged and intensified S. Typhimurium infection. Both levels and number of S. Typhimurium excreting pigs per day were significantly higher in the group with both Oesophagostomum spp. and S. Typhimurium infection compared to the group infected with S. Typhimurium only. Post mortem examinations paralleled these findings and demonstrated higher occurrence ofS. Typhimurium in pigs with concurrent parasite infection compared to pigs infected with S. Typhimurium only. An effect of the S. Typhimurium infection on the Oesophagostomum infection was not observed

Amygdala and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Function during Anticipated Peer Evaluation in Pediatric Social Anxiety

1. Context. Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction manifests in adolescents with anxiety disorders when they view negatively-valenced stimuli in threatening contexts. Such fear-circuitry dysfunction may also manifest when anticipated social evaluation leads socially anxious adolescents to misperceive peers as threatening. 2. Objective. To determine whether photographs of negatively-evaluated smiling peers, viewed during anticipated evaluation, engage the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex differentially in adolescents with and without social anxiety. 3. Design. Case-control study. 4. Setting. Government clinical research institute. 5. Participants. Fourteen adolescents with anxiety disorders associated with marked social concerns and 14 diagnosis-free adolescents, matched on sex, age, IQ, and socio-economic status. 6. Main Outcome Measure(s). Blood oxygenation level-dependent signal measured with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Before and during neuroimaging scans, participants anticipating social evaluation completed peer- and self-appraisals. Event-related analyses were tailored to participants’ ratings of specific peers. 7. Results. Participants classified 40 pictures of same-age peers as ones they wanted to engage or not engage with for a social interaction. Anxious adolescents showed greater amygdala activation than healthy adolescents when anticipating evaluation from peers rated as undesired for an interaction. Viewing undesired peers engaged stronger positive amygdala-ventrolateral-prefrontal-cortex connectivity in anxious vs. healthy adolescents. 8. Conclusions. Anticipating social evaluation from negatively-perceived peers modulates amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex engagement differentially in anxious and healthy 3 adolescents. Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex abnormalities in adolescent anxiety disorders are heightened in specific contexts of potential peer evaluation