Lightning phenomena and its effect on transmission line

As we know that Lightning is one of the most natural and serious cause of over voltage .So, my this paper describes about the lightning phenomena, the way it is caused and in the manner it effects the power equipments, building frames, transmission lines, etc It is matter of great surprise to know that over the whole world ,more than 40,000 lightning strokes per day and less than 100 lightning strokes per second takes place. Transmission lines functions as arteries that carry electricity from power stations to regions where the power is needed. Therefore, it is vital to control the construction and maintenance costs of these lines because while the frequency of transmission line faults resulting in power loss has decreased year by year yet the trouble due to natural cause lightning is not yet reduced The main object of this paper is to study the effect of lightning strokes on transmission lines which cause great damage due to traveling waves to the electrical equipments installed in open air and insulators, etc. Frequently lightning problems do not receive consideration during the design stage. It remains then for the lightning safety engineer to analyze the effect of thelightning during operations and to provide rational for safety  through modification to the Assets, Facilities and Structures

The disturbances in the power system due to environmental conditions

In most of our electronics and electrical devices are very sensitive to the real voltage and current values and other parameters. A slight fluctuation in the voltage and in the current may damage the devices. Therefore proper care needs to be taken for the proper functioning of these devices. But at the same time we cannot neglect the effect of environmental conditions on the devices used in the power system. The environmental conditions such as rainfall, heat, wind, humidity, thundering and lightning etc. has a significant influence on various electrical parameters and also even in the transmission lines. Taking the various environmental conditions into the account the efficiency and the reliability to the devices and the power system can improved

Optimal Location of Distributed Generation and its Impacts on Voltage Stability

Distributed generation (DG) technology is based on the renewable sources of energy. Now a day’s distributed generation plays an important role of power generation utilities to fulfill the increasing demand of power at the costumer’s site. A distributed generation is the small generation unit with capacity varying from kW (kilowatt) to few MW (megawatt). The main aim of this paper is to find the solution for optimal location of connecting DG and also the disturbances in the voltage fluctuations responds to imperfection of connecting DG. A test network of IEEE-30 bus system has been simulated using PSAT 2.1.7. The compensation methods have also been developed for filtering out the disturbances caused by the DG connection. The disturbance in the voltage profile is improved by minimizing the real and reactive power losses with the help of STATCOM. The proposed approach IEEE-30-bus system was tested and the result was discussed

Simulation and Analysis of Variable Gain DVCC Based Active Inductance and its Application in Constant K Prototype and Resonance Filter

The inductor is an essential component in many electronic systems. But the passive inductance is not suitable due to its dimension and magnetic interference. To overcome these issues, active inductance is preferred. Active inductance is simulated using the RC network connected with an active device(s). Here, VG-DVCC (Variable Gain Differential Voltage Current Conveyor) is proposed as an active device. The VG-DVCC with two external R and one C component forms the Impedance Converter which converts Active RC network into Active Inductance. This paper gives an overview of the design-simulation of Active Inductance and the frequency range analysis of its linearity. Also, it highlights applications in the realization of constant k-prototype and resonance filters

A Multilabel Approach for Fault Detection and Classification of Transmission Lines using Binary Relevance

In Contemporary automation systems, Fault detection and classification of electrical transmission lines in grid systems are given top priority. The broad application of Machine Learning (ML) methods has enabled the substitute of conventional methods of fault identification and classification. These methods are more effective ones that can identify faults early on using a significant quantity of sensory data. So detecting simultaneous failures is difficult in the context of distracting the noise and several faults in the transmission lines. This study contributes by offering a unique way for concurrently detecting and classifying several faults using a multilabel classification approach based on binary relevance classifiers. The proposed binary relevance multilabel detection and classification models’ performances are examined. Under both ideal and problematic circumstances, faults in the dataset are collected. A variety of multilabel fault types detection and classification determines the suggested method’s effectiveness

Machine Learning Based Dynamic Band Selection for Splitting Auditory Signals to Reduce Inner Ear Hearing Losses

Quality of hearing has been severely impacted due to signal losses occurs in the human inner ear explicitly in the region of cochlea. Loudness recruitment, degraded frequency selectivity and auditory masking are the major outward effects of inner ear hearing losses. Splitting auditory signals into frequency bands and presenting dichotically to both ears became a comprehensive solution to reduce inner ear hearing losses. However, these methods divide input signal into the fix number of frequency bands, this limits their applicability where signals have large variations in their spectral characteristics. To address this challenge, we have proposed machine learning based intelligent band selection algorithm to split auditory signals dynamically. Proposed algorithm analyze input speech signal based on spectral characteristics to determine the optimum number of bands required to effectively present major acoustic cues of the signal. Further, dynamic splitting algorithm efficiently divides signal for dichotic presentation. Proposed method has been examined on large number of subjects from different age groups and gender having cochlear hearing impairment. Qualitative and quantitative assessment shown significant improvement in the recognition score with substantial reduction in the response time

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF DFIG WIND POWER SYSTEM USING PI CONTROLLER WITH STATIC FEEDBACK

When wind electricity is associated with an electric grid affects power quality. The consequences of the power quality like active & reactive power, change in voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electric behaviour of switching operations has to measure. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used in most wind energy conversion systems (WECS) due to its advantage of ensuring a variable speed and running above the synchronous speed. This characteristic avoids damage to the wind turbine mechanism, especially when the measured wind speed is above the rated speed. In this paper, we present the enhancement behaviour of a DFIG by the PI regulator

Various Modulation Options for OFDM in 5G System: A Comparative Approach

The loss of information and signal quality degradation is the major issue in wireless communication due to multipath fading. The ‘multi-input multi-output (MIMO)’ antenna system can be used to minimize the signal fading which alternatively reduces the error rates but at the cost of hardware complexity, power consumption. The most critical issue in wireless communication is the availability of bandwidth, and signal quality. These issues can be resolved satisfactorily with the employment of ‘orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)’ system. The significant functional element of the OFDM system is the kind of modulation technique employed.  Various modulation techniques are employed in the OFDM system to enhance the data rates as well as to reduce the error rates. This article focuses on the error rate behavior of different PSK and QAM modulation techniques used in the OFDM system

A Review on PAPR Reduction in Perspective of BER Performance in MIMO-OFDM Based Next Generation Wireless Systems.

Today, high speed and trustworthy wireless communication over mobile is the requirement of society. As the mobile applications and the users are rapidly increasing, it is obligatory to have more reliable, high speed wireless network with high throughput, which will combat the disadvantages in existing system in this multiuser environment. In wireless system the received signal may be corrupted due to noise and interferences such as ‘inter symbol interference’ and ‘inter carrier interference’ when subjected to multi-path fading. Also the performance the system may be affected due to poor ‘bit error rate’ and high ‘peak to average power ratio’ value, which further affect the signal power and spectral efficiency of transmitted signal. The blend of ‘orthogonal frequency division multiplexing’ and ‘multi input multi output’ antenna system referred as MIMO-OFDM system, which offers the improvement in quality of service and higher throughput to satisfy the tomorrow’s need. This review article mainly focuses on various technologies adopted by different researchers for enhancing the ‘bit error rates’, ‘peak to average power ratio’, ‘signal to noise ratio’ and ‘spectral efficiency’ performances in wireless systems. We continue by highlighting the limitations and comparing results of conventional methods, schemes and algorithms proposed by different researchers.  We also focus on the multiple antenna system (MIMO), which is designed for future multiuser environment to enhance the capacity or to have high throughput along with good quality services

Acceleration of Interfaced Distributed Generation Power System through Reactive Power Compensation

A distributed generation (DG) is of similarity to a traditional power generation station. It utilizes renewable energy sources (like wind, solar, hydropower generation etc.). Present study is an approach to handle the reactive power imbalances in the power system for the DG integration. The method deals with the finding of optimal location for connecting a compensating device and obtained the results of simulation with an interfacing of DG under normal operating condition of power system. The results were tested as per the IEEE-14 bus standards with the network parameters set