Autonomous ship concept evaluation – Quantification of competitiveness and societal impact

The prospect of large-scale international adoption of autonomous ships has led to expectations of reduced costs and emissions for waterborne transport of goods. This is commonly attributed to the possibility of removing manning from the ship, which enables more efficient ship designs and reduced operational costs. So why have we not seen a multitude of autonomous ship building projects? There are several reasons for this, including immature technology and regulations. However, there is another reason which has received less attention; the lack of quantifiable evidence for the benefits arising from investing in autonomous ships. There are some case studies on the impact of autonomy on transport cost, but there is no established method for evaluating the effects of an investment in autonomous ships. This paper will present Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) developed to enable such quantification. Furthermore, the developed KPIs are chosen not only to enable quantification of benefits but also to be calculable based on data which it is reasonable to assume that are available or obtainable at a concept stage.publishedVersio

Validation Methodology for Assessment of New ENavServices

The international maritime industry is on a current wave of digitalization and there is a dire need to enable an effective prediction of the different digital solutions, especially in terms of international implementation as well as regulatory requirements related to the same. When assessing new e-navigation (e-nav) solutions, these are not yet implemented, i.e., there is no possibility to validate technology on basis of lagging indicators - indicators which express actual performance within quality of the service to which the solution is targeted. One must instead turn to leading indicators - indicators which, based on a hypothesis, express expected performance within quality of the service to which the solution is targeted. The more valid the hypothesis, the more valid the leading indicators will be to express the new solutions' effectiveness. In this paper, we have validated KPIs from the Baltic and International Maritime Council's Shipping KPI Standard in light of their suitability in expressing actual performance, hereby validating the quality and suitability of a set of leading indicators from the port call scenario from the Research Council of Norway supported SESAME Solutions 2 project.acceptedVersio

Keeping the human element to secure autonomous shipping operations

Autonomous shipping operations are becoming economically and technically feasible, but this development also requires new human roles and responsibilities onshore for managing cyber events. The goal of this paper is to present a methodology for describing autonomous shipping operations and risks caused by potential cyber-attacks, focusing on critical situations to the interplay between the automation and human operators. We have applied our methodology on a case study for planned autonomous operations in European waterways. Our results show that the reliance on new technologies such as sensors, computer vision and AI reasoning onboard the autonomous ships or cranes opens to new types of attacks that the industry has little experience with as of now. Unmanned systems should therefore be designed with assurance methods that can bring the human into the loop, providing situational awareness and control. At the same time, human resource exhaustion is a potential attack goal against remote operations. We could see from our threat likelihood estimation that attacks related to deny- and injure-motivations have the highest values in all mission phase patterns. This is in accordance with the general attack trends within the maritime domain and many other sectors, where financially motivated attackers will try to demand a ransom to stop business disruption.publishedVersio

A Retrospective Analysis of Maritime Cyber Security Incidents

The maritime industry is undergoing a rapid evolution through the introduction of new technology and the digitization of existing services. At the same time, the digital attack surface is increasing, and incidents can lead to severe consequences. This study analyses and gives an overview of 46 maritime cyber security incidents from the last decade (2010-2020). We have collected information from open publications and reports, as well as anonymized data from insurance claims. Each incident is linked to a taxonomy of attack points related to onboard or off-ship systems, and the characteristics have been used to create a Top-10 list of maritime cyber threats. The results show that the maritime sector typically has incidents with low frequency and high impact, which makes them hard to predict and prepare for. We also infer that different types of attackers use a variety of attack points and techniques, hence there is no single solution to this problem.publishedVersio

D2.2 Updated cyber risk assessment for the maritime industry

This report presents an updated assessment of the cyberthreat landscape in the context of CySiMS-SE. It is based on the previous work from CySiMS “D1.1 Risk Model and Analysis” and the methodology from CySiMS-SE “D2.1 Expanded risk and CBA methodology”. The goal has been to show how we obtain required means and opportunities of attack vectors for the PKI and motivation factors for potential threat actors.978-82-14-06467-4publishedVersio

Using the BIMCO Shipping KPI Database to identify costs and benefits of e-navigation solutions

In the RCN-funded research project SESAME Solution II, funded by the Norwegian Research Council under the MarOff programme, a key aspect is to develop a cost benefit assessment framework. This framework will be used to assess the solutions related to enavigation and automatic reporting, to be developed by the project. Some benefits are only visible on a larger or aggregated scale. This is particularly true for benefits which concern the reduction of unwanted incidents (e.g. accidents, deficiencies and detentions). Instead of focusing on case by case, historical trending on industrial or segment level provides a better picture of the actual benefit of certain solutions and measures. For this we need access to trustworthy sources. In the SESAME Solution II project, we have gained access to BIMCO's Shipping KPI Standard database. BIMCO is the world’s largest international shipping association, with around 2100 members. Membership includes shipowners, operators, managers, brokers and agents. This database contains performance data related to ship management from 2011 with thousands of ships reporting KPIs (Key Performance Indicators on a quarterly basis. The database also allows for selections on the basis of ship type, trade, etc. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities related to such use of statistics and aggregations when assessing the potential benefits (and costs) related to e-navigation and automatic reporting. Such challenges include the mapping of KPIs to the implementation of specific solutions/measures. As an example, aggregated KPIs may show the effect of certain IMO regulations such as the IMO DCS (Data Collection System: Monitoring, validating and reporting fuel consumption and CO2-emissions from international shipping). Other Challenges include proving correlation as well as an overview of external factors which may skew the conclusions. The suggested approach will prove adaptable to similar sources of data such as THETIS, APCIS and others.publishedVersio

Shipping 4.0 - Smart bruk av operasjonelle data

Den 25. og 26. oktober 2017 ble det gjennomført en lunsj-til-lunsj samling i SINTEF Ocean rundt temaet "Shipping 4.0 - Smart bruk av operasjonelle data". Hovedformålet var å konkretisere FoUI tema knyttet opp mot MARITIM21 området "Digitalisering av maritim næring" gjennom å presentere pågående MAROFF prosjekt, samt drøfte utfordringer i forhold til smart bruk av operasjonelle data. Tre hovedtema ble diskutert; • Innsamling og analyse av data • Smart bruk og nye tjenester av operasjonelle data • Bruksrett og eierrettigheter av data Totalt var 27 personer tilstede som dekket ulike interessenter innenfor maritime operasjonelle data (utstyrsleverandører, forskningsinstitutt, rederinæring og patentbyrå). Rapporten konkluderer med noen felles utfordringer og anbefalinger til videre arbeid innenfor temaet.Norges forskningsrådpublishedVersio

Using the BIMCO Shipping KPI Database to identify costs and benefits of e-navigation solutions

In the RCN-funded research project SESAME Solution II, funded by the Norwegian Research Council under the MarOff programme, a key aspect is to develop a cost benefit assessment framework. This framework will be used to assess the solutions related to enavigation and automatic reporting, to be developed by the project. Some benefits are only visible on a larger or aggregated scale. This is particularly true for benefits which concern the reduction of unwanted incidents (e.g. accidents, deficiencies and detentions). Instead of focusing on case by case, historical trending on industrial or segment level provides a better picture of the actual benefit of certain solutions and measures. For this we need access to trustworthy sources. In the SESAME Solution II project, we have gained access to BIMCO's Shipping KPI Standard database. BIMCO is the world’s largest international shipping association, with around 2100 members. Membership includes shipowners, operators, managers, brokers and agents. This database contains performance data related to ship management from 2011 with thousands of ships reporting KPIs (Key Performance Indicators on a quarterly basis. The database also allows for selections on the basis of ship type, trade, etc. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities related to such use of statistics and aggregations when assessing the potential benefits (and costs) related to e-navigation and automatic reporting. Such challenges include the mapping of KPIs to the implementation of specific solutions/measures. As an example, aggregated KPIs may show the effect of certain IMO regulations such as the IMO DCS (Data Collection System: Monitoring, validating and reporting fuel consumption and CO2-emissions from international shipping). Other Challenges include proving correlation as well as an overview of external factors which may skew the conclusions. The suggested approach will prove adaptable to similar sources of data such as THETIS, APCIS and others

Autonomous ship concept evaluation – Quantification of competitiveness and societal impact

The prospect of large-scale international adoption of autonomous ships has led to expectations of reduced costs and emissions for waterborne transport of goods. This is commonly attributed to the possibility of removing manning from the ship, which enables more efficient ship designs and reduced operational costs. So why have we not seen a multitude of autonomous ship building projects? There are several reasons for this, including immature technology and regulations. However, there is another reason which has received less attention; the lack of quantifiable evidence for the benefits arising from investing in autonomous ships. There are some case studies on the impact of autonomy on transport cost, but there is no established method for evaluating the effects of an investment in autonomous ships. This paper will present Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) developed to enable such quantification. Furthermore, the developed KPIs are chosen not only to enable quantification of benefits but also to be calculable based on data which it is reasonable to assume that are available or obtainable at a concept stage

Validation Methodology for Assessment of New ENavServices

The international maritime industry is on a current wave of digitalization and there is a dire need to enable an effective prediction of the different digital solutions, especially in terms of international implementation as well as regulatory requirements related to the same. When assessing new e-navigation (e-nav) solutions, these are not yet implemented, i.e., there is no possibility to validate technology on basis of lagging indicators - indicators which express actual performance within quality of the service to which the solution is targeted. One must instead turn to leading indicators - indicators which, based on a hypothesis, express expected performance within quality of the service to which the solution is targeted. The more valid the hypothesis, the more valid the leading indicators will be to express the new solutions' effectiveness. In this paper, we have validated KPIs from the Baltic and International Maritime Council's Shipping KPI Standard in light of their suitability in expressing actual performance, hereby validating the quality and suitability of a set of leading indicators from the port call scenario from the Research Council of Norway supported SESAME Solutions 2 project