Phase error statistics of a phase-locked loop synchronized direct detection optical PPM communication system

Receiver timing synchronization of an optical Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM) communication system can be achieved using a phased-locked loop (PLL), provided the photodetector output is suitably processed. The magnitude of the PLL phase error is a good indicator of the timing error at the receiver decoder. The statistics of the phase error are investigated while varying several key system parameters such as PPM order, signal and background strengths, and PPL bandwidth. A practical optical communication system utilizing a laser diode transmitter and an avalanche photodiode in the receiver is described, and the sampled phase error data are presented. A linear regression analysis is applied to the data to obtain estimates of the relational constants involving the phase error variance and incident signal power

Direct measurement of the fine-structure interval in alkali atoms using diode lasers

We demonstrate a technique for directly measuring the fine-structure interval in alkali atoms using two frequency-stabilized diode lasers. Each laser has a linewidth of order 1 MHz and precise tunability: one laser is tuned to a hyperfine transition in the D_1 line, and the other laser to a hyperfine transition in the D_2 line. The outputs of the lasers are fed into a scanning Michelson interferometer that measures the ratio of their wavelengths accurately. To illustrate the technique, we measure the fine-structure interval in Rb, and obtain a value of 237.6000(3)(5) cm^-1 for the hyperfine-free 5P_{3/2} - 5P_{1/2} interval.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, to be published in Applied Physics Letters, 20 May 2002 editio

High-accuracy wavemeter based on a stabilized diode laser

We have built a high-accuracy wavelength meter for tunable lasers using a scanning Michelson interferometer and a reference laser of known wavelength. The reference laser is a frequency stabilized diode laser locked to an atomic transition in Rb. The wavemeter has a statistical error per measurement of 5 parts in $10^7$ which can be reduced considerably by averaging. Using a second stabilized diode laser, we have verified that systematic errors are below 4 parts in $10^8$.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figure

Complexes of Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) & Cu(II) with Naphthalene-l-sulphinic Acid

1102-110

Life of Tamil Peoples in Kuruntokai

The Sangam Age is the first period in the history of Tamil literature. Sangam literature is a clear mirror of the life style of the people who lived in the Sangam Age. The Sangam literature also contains references to the customs, beliefs, trade practices, royal character, marriage practices, etc. of the society of the time. Many truths sung in Sangam literature have conquered time and space and are eternal truths. Tamils have lived their lives happily through Kuruntokai. Especially in domestic life, there was an understanding and a maturity of compromise. It is also known that they have lived by the principles of hospitality, material pursuit, and immeasurable love

ON HOP DOMINATION NUMBER OF SOME GENERALIZED GRAPH STRUCTURES

A subset $H \subseteq V (G)$ of a graph $G$ is a hop dominating set (HDS) if for every ${v\in (V\setminus H)}$ there is at least one vertex  $u\in H$ such that $d(u,v)=2$.  The minimum cardinality of a hop dominating set of $G$ is called the hop domination number of $G$ and is denoted by $\gamma_{h}(G)$. In this paper, we compute the hop domination number for triangular and quadrilateral snakes. Also, we analyse the hop domination number of graph families such as generalized thorn path, generalized ciliates graphs, glued path graphs and generalized theta graphs

Evolutionary dynamics of adult stem cells: Comparison of random and immortal strand segregation mechanisms

This paper develops a point-mutation model describing the evolutionary dynamics of a population of adult stem cells. Such a model may prove useful for quantitative studies of tissue aging and the emergence of cancer. We consider two modes of chromosome segregation: (1) Random segregation, where the daughter chromosomes of a given parent chromosome segregate randomly into the stem cell and its differentiating sister cell. (2) ``Immortal DNA strand'' co-segregation, for which the stem cell retains the daughter chromosomes with the oldest parent strands. Immortal strand co-segregation is a mechanism, originally proposed by Cairns (J. Cairns, {\it Nature} {\bf 255}, 197 (1975)), by which stem cells preserve the integrity of their genomes. For random segregation, we develop an ordered strand pair formulation of the dynamics, analogous to the ordered strand pair formalism developed for quasispecies dynamics involving semiconservative replication with imperfect lesion repair (in this context, lesion repair is taken to mean repair of postreplication base-pair mismatches). Interestingly, a similar formulation is possible with immortal strand co-segregation, despite the fact that this segregation mechanism is age-dependent. From our model we are able to mathematically show that, when lesion repair is imperfect, then immortal strand co-segregation leads to better preservation of the stem cell lineage than random chromosome segregation. Furthermore, our model allows us to estimate the optimal lesion repair efficiency for preserving an adult stem cell population for a given period of time. For human stem cells, we obtain that mispaired bases still present after replication and cell division should be left untouched, to avoid potentially fixing a mutation in both DNA strands.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Do long-duration GRBs follow star formation?

We compare the luminosity function and rate inferred from the BATSE long bursts peak flux distribution with those inferred from the Swift peak flux distribution. We find that both the BATSE and the Swift peak fluxes can be fitted by the same luminosity function and the two samples are compatible with a population that follows the star formation rate. The estimated local long GRB rate (without beaming corrections) varies by a factor of five from 0.05 Gpc^(-3)yr^(-1) for a rate function that has a large fraction of high redshift bursts to 0.27 Gpc^(-3)yr^(-1) for a rate function that has many local ones. We then turn to compare the BeppoSax/HETE2 and the Swift observed redshift distributions and compare them with the predictions of the luminosity function found. We find that the discrepancy between the BeppoSax/HETE2 and Swift observed redshift distributions is only partially explained by the different thresholds of the detectors and it may indicate strong selection effects. After trying different forms of the star formation rate (SFR) we find that the observed Swift redshift distribution, with more observed high redshift bursts than expected, is inconsistent with a GRB rate that simply follows current models for the SFR. We show that this can be explained by GRB evolution beyond the SFR (more high redshift bursts). Alternatively this can also arise if the luminosity function evolves and earlier bursts were more luminous or if strong selection effects affect the redshift determination.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in JCA

Observation of persistent flow of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a toroidal trap

We have observed the persistent flow of Bose-condensed atoms in a toroidal trap. The flow persists without decay for up to 10 s, limited only by experimental factors such as drift and trap lifetime. The quantized rotation was initiated by transferring one unit, $\hbar$, of the orbital angular momentum from Laguerre-Gaussian photons to each atom. Stable flow was only possible when the trap was multiply-connected, and was observed with a BEC fraction as small as 15%. We also created flow with two units of angular momentum, and observed its splitting into two singly-charged vortices when the trap geometry was changed from multiply- to simply-connected.Comment: 1 file, 5 figure