131 research outputs found
Poor oral hygiene and show of caries in 12 year old children
Abstract
Poor oral hygiene leads to the presence of dental plaque which is a non-mineralized organized content of microorganisms in the organic matrix of carbohydrates located on the teeth surface. The amount of the plaque and the number of bacteria in the saliva are directly related to the threat of caries in every individual. This shell on the surface of the teeth is difficult to remove, is colorless and invisible, but with coloring it can be seen, and it can be removed only by mechanical cleaning. That, which is noted in the modern literature is increasingly considered that is more the result of the disruption of the ecological balance of the oral cavity, than the result of poor diet or lack of oral hygiene.
Aim: Our aim is to determine the index of the oral hygiene and its association with the show of dental caries.
Material and method: The study included 70 subjects (35 male, 35 female), aged 12, randomly selected. The research was realizedby the recommendations for action resulting from the basic criteria for the assessment of oral and dental health that are recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). For the assessment of the oral hygiene habits and the presence of soft plaque we used the simplified method of Greene Vermillion which evaluates six surfaces of six teeth that are representative sample of the entire dentition.
Results: The results indicate higher values for distribution of OHI (Oral Hygiene Index)-the index distribution among male (0.51 Β± 0.57, X Β± SD), unlike the subjects who were female (0.49 Β± 0.76, X Β± SD), with significance (p <0 , 01).
Discussion: Our obtained results undoubtedly show in addition to numerous authorsβ claims that in patients with poor oral hygiene caries is more often. In children with poor oral hygiene and consummation of sweets between meals are the two most intensive risk factors for appearance of caries. As a result of poor oral hygiene higher values of plaque index in children are determined.
Keywords
caries, dental plaque, oral hygiene, oral hygiene index, saliva
ΠΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° - ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΌ
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΌΠΎΡ βΠΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° - ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΌβ Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π·Π° Π‘ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ - ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ.
ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π°: ΠΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ: ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°.
ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π°: ΠΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π°: ΠΠ°Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΊ, Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π³ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° (Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½) ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π°: ΠΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ β ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΎ Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.
ΠΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π°: ΠΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π³ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π³ΠΈ.
ΠΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π°: ΠΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π°: Π‘ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½, ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ,
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅
Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π°
ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°
ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°
Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π° ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ
Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ.
ΠΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ° Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ -
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ
ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅
Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ².
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΎ
Π’ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°
Π’ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ (Π’ΠΠ) ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π° 22,7%. Π’ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° Π»Π°Π·Π°Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ° Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π·Π° Π’ΠΠ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ° Π΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ 6 mm, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ°Π» ΠΎΠ΄ 3,5 mm ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π°Π³ΡΠΈΠ· ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ. Π’ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° (Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ) ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ (Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ). ΠΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ/Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΡΠ²Π° 10 Π΄ΠΎ 14 Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π±ΠΎΡΠ°, Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°. Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°. Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π’ΠΠ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π±Π° Π²ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° (ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ/ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌ ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° 0, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π»Π°) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·Π°Π»Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° (ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ/ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌ ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° 2). Π‘Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π± Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ, Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΡΠ±Π»Π°ΠΆΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π·Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½Π·Π΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏ ΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°Π±ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π± ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π± ΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π° Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π± Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π’ΠΠ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°, Π’Π
Traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition
Traumatic dental injuries to the primary dentition and oral cavity are common occurrences in children and young people. A recent international epidemiological study on traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) involving primary teeth revealed a worldwide prevalence of 22.7%. They frequently occur in young children as they learn to crawl, walk, run and embrace their physical environment. These injuries often represent painful, distressing events and may result in adverse long-term physical, aesthetic and psychological consequences for the child. Various studies have examined the risk factors that increase the likelihood of TDIs in the primary dentition. Children with increased overjet and inadequate lip coverage have a higher incidence of dental injuries. In primary dentition, the risk of dental trauma is three times greater with an increased overjet greater than 6 mm, whereas children with an overjet less than 3.5 mm are half as likely to suffer from dental trauma. A positive association between anterior open bite and traumatic injuries has also been found. Traumatic dental injuries can be classified into soft tissue injuries, hard tissues injuries (e.g., fractures), and periodontal injuries (e.g., luxations). Tooth mobility, color, tenderness to manual pressure, and the position or displacement of the tooth/teeth should be recorded at the initial assessment. The color of injured and uninjured teeth should also be recorded at every clinic visit. Discoloration is a recognized common complication following luxation injuries. It is usually seen 10 to 14 days after the original injury. Clinically, teeth with grey discoloration can recover to their original color, become yellowed or remain grey. Teeth with dark discoloration can remain clinically asymptomatic with no radiographic signs of necrosis until natural exfoliation. Root canal treatment is not recommended for discolored teeth unless there are clinical signs of infection of the pulp. Radiographs are an important diagnostic tool for diagnosing TDIs and serve as a baseline when compared to follow-up appointments. Intra-oral radiographs may include periapical radiographs (size 0 sensor/film, paralleling technique) or occlusal radiographs (size 2 sensor/film). The management of traumatic dental injuries to the primary dentition aims to prevent damage to the developing permanent tooth germ, alleviate pain, and minimize possible complications, such as infection. There is currently limited evidence to support many of the treatment options of primary dentition. The child's cooperation in an emergency, the time for natural exfoliation of the tooth, and the impact on the occlusion are all important considerations that influence treatment. A conservative approach involving observation is often the most appropriate option. But, extracting the traumatized tooth is usually required in cases of tooth fracture with pulp involvement, luxation injuries close to the developing permanent tooth, and those that interfere with occlusion. At the initial presentation, a rapid referral should be made to a child-orientated team with expertise in managing TDIs
Flow of stimulated saliva and buffer capacity in children with primary dentition
Maintaining the health of all oral tissues - oral homeostasis is realized in the presence of many ingredients that are in association with inorganic and organic components of mixed saliva. Saliva consists of several components, of which the basic components in mixed saliva in healthy people is a conglomerate of inorganic and organic ingredients that provide physiological function and protection of all oral tissues. The characteristics of saliva make it participate in the processes of: protection, to enable mechanical rinsing and removal of mobile food debris and sugars, and thus reduces the availability of acidogenic bacteria responsible for the process of demineralization of the enamel. We focused the study on determining the amount of stimulated saliva and determining the buffering capacity of saliva in children with deciduous teeth. The study included 74 respondents divided into two groups: I.31 respondents with cap = 0 (control group) and II.43 respondents with caries (study group). We did the saliva sampling in the morning at least one hour after the last meal and brushing our teeth, in the absence of the respondents who are in the process of preparing for the dental treatment. The saliva pH assessment was performed with ready-made factory tests DENTOBUFF - test (Vivadent, Schaan, Lihtenstein), which includes a system-indicator for changing the color to determine the pH value of saliva. On the test strip with the pipette substrate from the set we applied a drop of saliva and after 5 minutes, enough time for reaction, we compared the obtained color with a Dentobuff strip color chart. The data analysis was performed in statistical programs Statistica 7.1 for Windows and SPSS Statistics 17.0. Data on stimulated saliva flow and salivary buffer capacity in children with deciduous teeth indicated that there was no significant difference between the two groups (p> 0.05); We can conclude that most of the salivary parameters can be successfully used for caries screening and that they are considered as the most adequate means of rounding up the good oral health that will keep the children alive and well.
Key words: saliva, primary dentition, buffering capacit
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ 12 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ
ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΌΠΈ (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π·Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π·Π°, ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΌΡΡΠ°Π·Π°, Π³Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π·Π°), ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π, Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π¦. ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π·Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ° 71 Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ (26 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ 45 ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ) Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ 12 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ 12 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ° Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ - Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ (PAO), Biomedica Company USA. ΠΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° R = 0,60 (p 0,05), Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π±Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° Π²ΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡ 12,51 Β± 8,76 mmol/l, ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡ 48,21 Β± 35,09 mmol/l, ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° (p <0,001). ΠΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: Π²ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Intensity of dental caries and level of calcium and magnesium in saliva in 12-year-old children
Motivated by new challenges and insights, our paper represents an attempt to recognize the complexity of the etiology of dental caries in children, where the specific goals and focus of the research are aimed at the effects of saliva and its constituent components, therefore we directed the investigations to the following components: is there a significant inverse relationship between the intensity of dental caries and the level of calcium and magnesium in saliva and whether the examined salivary parameters and their optimal concentrations can be used as a diagnostic tool for caries activity. The research included 71 respondents, 26 female and 45 male aged 12 years. For the determination of calcium values in saliva we used ready-made tests - from BioTek Instruments, Inc. headquartered in Winooski, VT, USA. The principle of the methodology of the colorimetric test for the determination of calcium in saliva is based on the fact that calcium ions from the sample, saliva, in an alkaline environment react with the O-cresolphthalein complex, forming a complex with a purple color that absorbs light at 570 nm-578 nm. The intensity of the color was proportional to the concentration of calcium ions in the sample. For the determination of magnesium values in saliva we used ready-made tests - from BioTek Instruments, Inc. headquartered in Winooski, VT, USA. The principle of the method is with a photometric colorimetric test for the determination of magnesium in saliva, where in an alkaline environment magnesium ions from the sample, saliva, react with xylidyl blue, diazonium salt and form a complex with a purple-red color that maximally absorbs light at 520-546 nm. The intensity of the color is proportional to the concentration of magnesium ions in the sample. The examined relationship between the values of calcium and magnesium in the saliva of children with permanent dentition and the presence of the dental has a distinctly low negative insignificant correlation (p>0.05). The principle of the method is with a photometric colorimetric test for the determination of magnesium in saliva, where in an alkaline environment magnesium ions from the sample, saliva, react with xylidyl blue, diazonium salt and form a complex with a purple-red color that maximally absorbs light at 520-546 nm. The intensity of the color is proportional to the concentration of magnesium ions in the sample. The examined relationship between the values of calcium and magnesium in the saliva of children with permanent dentition and the presence of the dental has a distinctly low negative insignificant correlation (p>0.05)
ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ - Π‘ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π°
Π Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅:Π‘ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 50% ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π±ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ PCR ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° DNA. ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ 3% ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π³Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ. Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈ.Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ βBackflou. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π° Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ Π·Π° Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄Π°. ΠΠΊΠΎ Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π» ΠΎΠ΄ 1 Π΄ΠΎ 2ΠΌΠΌ Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π», Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° Π½Π° ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ. Π‘ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Ph Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΠΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ, Warton βΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»
The power saliva in diagnostic oral disease
Abstract: Saliva is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by the salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is about 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which dna can be extracted), enzymes (such as lipase and amylase), antimicrobial agents (such as secretory Iga and lysozymes) . Saliva is an important diagnostic method, it helps in determining certain disorders/diseases of the orofacial system. Some bad habits such as smoking increase the secretion of saliva most likely as a result of a defense mechanism of chemical irritation. Of the enzymes, amylase has a role to clean the oral cavity, and also a protective role against caries. Role of saliva in remineralization Remineralization is directly dependent on the presence of ions in saliva. Supersaturation of saliva represents a barrier to demineralization and is a necessary prerequisite for the remineralization process. Also, the degree of saliva secretion depends on the feeling of fear, damage to the salivary glands from radiation to the head and neck, tumor of these glands, thyroid gland deficiency or when using drugs that, as one of the side effects, also have an antisialogogonic effect . Supersaturation of saliva represents a barrier to demineralization and is a necessary prerequisite for the remineralization process. Buffer systems affect the possibility of neutralization of ingested or generated acids. Bicarbonate is the most important buffering system in saliva. Thanks to the physical, chemical and antibacterial properties of saliva. Saliva is an ion reservoir, a buffer and has an antimicrobial effect. It helps in digestion, dissolving food residues, acts as a solvent allowing food to interact with the gustatory papillae, maintains water balance and rinses away food residues. Physical protection - The role of saliva in the physical protection of soft tissues is based primarily on its role of lubrication, soaking the oral mucosa, and at the same time it moistens the food and helps in the formation of the bolus and its swallowing. The clearance of carbohydrates from the mouth takes place in two phases. Fast clearance in the first 6 min, then clearance is slower. The clearance of fluorides is much slower than the clearance of sugars, because fluorides have the ability to bind to hard tissues.
Key words: antimicrobial, demineralization, diagnostic, protection, saliva. Field: Medical sciences and Healt
- β¦