Efficient Algorithm to Determine whether a given Graph is Hamiltonian or Not with All Possible Paths

Given a Graph G (V, E), We Consider the problem of deciding whether G is Hamiltonian, that is- whether or Not there is a simple cycle in E spanning all vertices in V. [1] However to Verify that the given cycle is Hamiltonian by checking whether it is permutation of the vertices of V and whether each of the consecutives edges along the cycle actually exists in the Graph. This Verification Algorithm can certainly be implemented to run in O (n2) time, where n is the length of the encoding of G [2]. But to predict in Advance that the Graph has Hamiltonian Cycle or not was still Exponential before this Algorithm. This Problem is known to be NPComplete hence cannot be solved in Polynomial time in |V| unless P=NP. However till today there was no known Criterion we can apply to determine the existence Hamiltonian Circuit in General [3]. For its Exponential time We can Refer to theorems: - Vertex Cover problem is polynomially transformable to the Hamiltonian circuit Problem for Directed graphs, hence the Hamiltonian Circuit problem for Directed Graph is NP-Complete and the Hamiltonian Circuit Problem for Directed Graph is Polynomialy transformable to Hamiltonian Cycle Problem for Undirected Graph, hence the Hamiltonian Cycle Problem for undirected Graph is NP-complete [4]. Note that these derivations are based on the CNF- Satisfiability. Through this Paper we have introduced a Newer Algorithm with different approach to determine whether a given Graph is Hamiltonian or Not with all possible Paths, by applying Few Mathematical and logical Operations. This provides necessary and sufficient condition for a graph to be Hamiltonian

An experimental study on wistar rats to see the effect of Gymnema sylvestre on blood pressure

Background: Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. It is a well-known risk factor for an array of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Obesity is considered as one of the major contributing factors to essential hypertension in humans. Obesity in itself is a risk factor for conditions like insulin resistance, hypertension, stroke, ischemic heart diseases, CHF etc. Undoubtedly in recent times we have achieved great advances in terms of management of hypertension but still we have miles to cover to have dominance over it. Gymnema sylvestre is a valuable indigenous herb. A number of animal and human studies have shown the potential role of Gymnema sylvestre (GS) as an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.Methods: Adult Female Wistar rats, weighing between 150-200 gm, were included in the study. They were randomly divided into five groups with six rats in each group. High Fat Diet (HFD) was given for 4 weeks to induce hypertension in all the groups except group I which was fed with normal chow. Drugs along with respective diets were given to the rats for next 4 weeks by oral feeding cannula. Systolic blood pressure was measured by NIBP controller machine.Results: On feeding rats with HFD for 4 weeks the mean systolic blood pressure increased significantly. After giving drugs GS (100mg/kg), GS (200mg/kg) and Amlodipine (10mg/kg) to groups III, IV, V respectively for next 4 weeks, mean systolic blood pressure fell significantly (p <0.05) as compared to group II (HFD control group). At final evaluation at week 8 (as compared to Group 2) SBP got maximally reduced in Group 5 (35.1%) followed by Group 4 (26.4%), Group 3 (20.1%). On comparing Amlodipine standard (group 5) with other groups, a significant difference was found. This showed that Gymnema sylvestre reduced the elevated systolic blood pressure significantly but this anti-hypertensive effect was inferior to Amlodipine.Conclusions: The present study concludes that Gymnema sylvestre has a potent dose- dependent antihypertensive action but the effect is inferior to Amlodipine. Hence it can be used as an add-on to standard drugs for hypertension

Epigenetic profile of the euchromatic region of human Y chromosome

The genome of a multi-cellular organism acquires various functional capabilities in different cell types by means of distinct chromatin modifications and packaging states. Acquired during early development, the cell type-specific epigenotype is maintained by cellular memory mechanisms that involve epigenetic modifications. Here we present the epigenetic status of the euchromatic region of the human Y chromosome that has mostly been ignored in earlier whole genome epigenetic mapping studies. Using ChIP-on-chip approach, we mapped H3K9ac, H3K9me3, H3K27me3 modifications and CTCF binding sites while DNA methylation analysis of selected CpG islands was done using bisulfite sequencing. The global pattern of histone modifications observed on the Y chromosome reflects the functional state and evolutionary history of the sequences that constitute it. The combination of histone and DNA modifications, along with CTCF association in some cases, reveals the transcriptional potential of all protein coding genes including the sex-determining gene SRY and the oncogene TSPY. We also observe preferential association of histone marks with different tandem repeats, suggesting their importance in genome organization and gene regulation. Our results present the first large scale epigenetic analysis of the human Y chromosome and link a number of cis-elements to epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, enabling an understanding of such mechanisms in Y chromosome linked disorders

Not Available

Not AvailableThe aphid, Aphis odinae (Van der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagous, occasional insect pest of cashew. A field survey was conducted from 2014 to 2015 in cashew plantations to record the incidence of aphid and its predators. Periodical sampling revealed, the occurrence of six species of aphidophagous predators comprising three species of coccinellids, viz., Scymnus castaneus Sicard, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) and Pseudaspidimerus flaviceps (Walker) and three species of syrphids, viz., Paragus serratus (Fabricius), Dideopsis aegrota (Fabricius) and Ischidon scutellaris (Fabricius) were found predating on A. odinae. All the immature stages of predators were found predating on first, second, third and fourth instars of the aphid. Among the coccinellids, the dominant species were S. castaneus (4.26 grubs/nut) followed by C. sexmaculata (0.42 grubs/leaf) and P. flaviceps (0.14 grubs/nut). Of the syrphids, P. serratus 2.39 larvae/nut was the major predator. The species D. aegrota (1.2 larvae/leaf) and I. scutellaris (0.5 larvae/nut) were recorded as minor predators. Seasonal abundance of predators was synchronized with the aphid with a maximum occurrence during February 2015. The aphid population gradually reduced from April onwards due to the voracious feeding activity of the predators. The study concluded that the aphidophagous predators, viz., coccinellids and syrphids play a major role in managing the aphid A. odinae in cashew and could be encouraged for augmentation and conservation of these predators in a cashew based ecosystem.Not Availabl

A report on occurrence of aphidophagous predators of Aphis odinae (van der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cashew ecosystem from Goa, India

The aphid, Aphis odinae (Van der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagous, occasional insect pest of cashew.  A field survey was conducted from 2014 to 2015 in cashew plantations to record the incidence of aphid and its predators.  Periodical sampling revealed, the occurrence of six species of aphidophagous predators comprising three species of coccinellids, viz., Scymnus castaneus Sicard, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) and Pseudaspidimerus flaviceps (Walker) and three species of syrphids, viz., Paragus serratus (Fabricius), Dideopsis aegrota (Fabricius) and Ischidon scutellaris (Fabricius) were found predating on A. odinae.  All the immature stages of predators were found predating on first, second, third and fourth instars of the aphid.  Among the coccinellids, the dominant species were S. castaneus (4.26 grubs/nut) followed by C. sexmaculata (0.42 grubs/leaf) and P. flaviceps (0.14 grubs/nut).  Of the syrphids, P. serratus 2.39 larvae/nut was the major predator. The species D. aegrota (1.2 larvae/leaf) and I. scutellaris (0.5 larvae/nut) were recorded as minor predators.  Seasonal abundance of predators was synchronized with the aphid with a maximum occurrence during February 2015.  The aphid population gradually reduced from April onwards due to the voracious feeding activity of the predators.  The study concluded that the aphidophagous predators, viz., coccinellids and syrphids play a  major role in managing the aphid A. odinae in cashew and could be encouraged for augmentation and conservation of these predators in a cashew based ecosystem

Effect of dietary selenium on immuno-biochemical plasticity and resistance against Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria in fish reared under multiple stressors

Not AvailableThe present investigation aims to study role of dietary selenium (Se) on growth performance, oxidative stress markers (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-s-transferase), stress biomarkers [blood glucose, cortisol and heat shock protein (HSP 70) and immunological status, Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, total immunoglobulin and vitamin C] and survival of fish after Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria challenged. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was treated with lead (Pb, 4 ppm), and high temperature (34 °C) for 60 days. The growth performance was reduced with declined in feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency in case of group exposed with Pb alone and concurrent exposure to Pb high temperature (34 °C). The Se has immunomodulatory properties however, supplementation of the dietary Se @ 1 and 2 mg/kg diet has been realistically improved growth performance up to 240%, elevated antioxidative status in different tissues, and immunological status were also improved significantly in the P. hypophthalmus. The bacterial challenged with A. veronii biovar sobria in the P. hypophthalmus resulting in less cumulative mortality (%) and high relative (%) survival has been observed with supplementation of dietary Se @ 1 and 2 mg/kg diet. The bioaccumulation of Pb in muscle tissue has been also drastically reduced with supplementation of dietary Se in feed. Hence, overall results indicated that, dietary Se @ 1 and 2 mg/kg have ability to enhanced overall performance and alleviated multiple stresses in P hypophthalmus.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableAn experiment was conducted during wet season of 2012 to study genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in 31 diverse salt tolerant rice genotypes under coastal salinity conditions of Goa. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the tested genotypes for all the characters studied. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher compared to that of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) in all the characters indicating the influence of environment on the expression of these traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for days to 50% flowering, length to breadth ratio, 100 grain weight, straw yield per plot, harvest index and grain yield per plot indicating that these characters are governed by additive gene action. Grain yield per plot showed positive and significant correlation with panicle length, grain length, filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and straw yield per plot and harvest index. Results of the path analysis indicated that grain length had maximum direct effect on grain yield followed by harvest index and straw yield per plot. Such characters could be utilized in selection for improving the grain yield under coastal salinity conditions.Not Availabl

A double-edged sword to force posterior dominance of Hox genes

Spatially and temporally restricted expression of Hox genes requires multiple mechanisms at both the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional levels. New insight into this precise expression mechanism comes from recent findings of a novel sense-antisense miRNA combination from the bithorax complex of Drosophila melanogaster.1-4 These two miRNAs encoded from the same locus target 3' untranslated regions of anterior hox genes, Antp, Ubx and abd-A to establish the dominance of posterior hox gene Abd-B in its expression domain. Such double-edge tools, sense-antisense miRNA combinations, also operate at multiple loci in the genome implicating their wider impact on the post-transcriptional gene regulation in eukaryotes