A krónikus szívelégtelenség epidemiológiája, a kezelési lehetőségek, a bisoprolol helye a terápiás palettán

The prevalence of chronic heart failure in Hungary is 1.6% in the adult population, but it occurs in 15-20% of subjects over 80 years of age. The base of treatment of heart failure is the blockade of the neuro-hormonal system, which includes the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (angiotensin receptor blockers in case of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors intolerance), beta receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Because of their negative inotropic effect, beta blockers were neglected for a long time from the treatment of heart failure. However, during the past decades several studies have demonstrated that beta blockers decrease mortality in patients with heart failure. The effectiveness of bisoprolol in reducing mortality has also also been documented in a number of studies

Theoretical Method for Building OD Matrix from AFC Data

AbstractThe smart cards conquered a serious space in the traffic in the past years. The cards are used like an automatic fare collection system by the different public transport companies. The fare collection is easier, faster and last but not least more efficient with this method. However the generated data are utilizable for other aims apart from the original aim.The origin-destination matrix plays a key role in a transport company's life. We may adapt to the travel demands efficiently in the knowledge of the matrix. Thanks to the proper service the passengers will be satisfied, and they use the service with pleasure. The additional benefit, that the unnecessary capacities can be forced back in the knowledge of the demand, and thereby the expenses of the service provider's decrease. The origin-destination matrix was able to create only with classical counting and interview methods till now. Their disadvantage, that the production consumes considerable workforce and time with a method like this, and hereby the costs are higher. The counting concern to a given time only and the sampling proportion compared to the number of travels of the year is quite slight. Because of that the distortion effect is considerable, the matrix cannot reflect the effects of an intervention. These effects get into the system only after the next counting.The penetration of the smart cards increases, the card user passengers’ number increases continuously. Thanks to that, not only the cost efficiency of the fare collection is growing, but at the same time the statistical sample size too. If more passengers from young persons to older ones accept the usage of the cards, we may receive more accurate picture about the transportation network.If the fare collection system was built up somewhere, the origin-destination matrix can be manufactured with lower expenses, and because of the continuous usage the matrix will be current always, the changes become traceable. We may know the demands in all the moments, the origin-destination matrix may change dynamically in function of the weather, time of the day, season and so on. The check-out data can be manufactured from exclusively check in data with different algorithms. The passenger's boarding and alighting places become known on the given route. Linking the sections belonging to a single trip and defining the target point, the origin destination matrix can be developed

Debit and Credit Card Loyalty Programmes

Banks always try to obtain customers’ loyalty by various ways. Retail banks issue reward cards to persuade customers not to change bank. By collecting points clients can take extra services like purchasing at certain stores discount of some percent or getting an airplane ticket free if enough point is accumulated. Financial institutions issue cashback cards by the other hand. By using them card holders can receive back a few percent of the amount of their purchasing as an annual rebate. However collecting points seems to be a good opportunity to keep customers, the relation is not definite. In this working paper based on a preceding research we present some examples how banks try to keep their clients.

Benchmark on the Taxation Administrations in the EU: Competition for Capital Invested

In the year of 2007 Budapest Tech, Department of Enterprise Management in cooperation with Széchenyi István University, Department of Logistics and Forwarding started a project on the establishment of new transporting companies in Bulgaria and Romania. We focused on the differences between the countries newly joined the European Union on January 1, 2007 and Hungary. The latest enlargement of the EU was a good chance to examine the new countries what advantages and disadvantages they have. EU member countries are in free competition with each other because of the free flow of goods, capital, services and labour. Countries with different tax environment and policies open up new opportunities for companies. Data, tax rates, contributions and any fees mentioned in this working paper refer to the year of the project mentioned above.Bulgaria, Romania, tax environment, transportation, wages, contributions

A kreativitás megítélése a munkaerőpiacon (Creativity from view of job market)

A cikk két, felsőoktatásban dolgozó oktató és kutató törekvése arra, hogy feltérképezze a frissen végzett egyetemi hallgatókkal szemben, a munkaerőpiac oldaláról érkező kreativitással kapcsolatos elvárásokat. Az alapötlet egy EU-kreativitáskutatásból nőtt ki, melyben magyar középiskolai tanárok is közreműködtek. A szerzők kutatásukba beépítettek egy válaszokat tartalmazó adatbázist (337 fő). Ezt követően generáltak egy másik mintát, amely az egyetemi hallgatókat fedte le (292 fő). A lánc harmadik elemeként on-line formában és személyes lekérdezéssel 112 HR-szakember véleményét kérdezték meg a kreativitás fontosságával, mérhetőségével, az ötletet adó EU-projekt kreativitással kapcsolatos állításaival és a kreativitás definíciójával kapcsolatban. Cikkük a válaszok kvantitatív feldolgozásának eredményeit ismerteti. ______ The paper is the product of a professor’s and a researcher’s (both working in higher education) aim to determine the expectations of the job market as regards creativity in fresh graduates. The idea for this came from an EU creativity study which had included Hungarian high school teachers. The authors have integrated the database (337 persons) of these teachers’ answers into the study. They also generated a second sample that covered university students (292 persons). As a third element, the authors assessed the opinion of 112 HR managers online and in person as regards the importance and measurability of creativity, as well as their views on the statements pertaining to and definition of creativity as given in the EU creativity project. The paper presents the results of the quantitative analysis of the responses