Characteristics of the studies and populations included in the analysis.

a<p>Neonatal mortality rate from cRCT baseline data.</p>b<p>Neonatal mortality rate from district health survey data.</p><p>OBC, other backward class.</p

Comparison of deliveries with and without clean delivery kit use.

<p>*Differences between clean delivery kit use and non-use tested using chi-square statistic and significant at <i>p</i><0.05.</p>a<p>Not applicable: data were not collected in the study.</p>b<p>Standard terms used in Indian demographic surveys.</p>c<p>Doctor, nurse, or trained midwife.</p><p>na, not available.</p

Adjusted odds ratios for the association between clean delivery kit use and clean delivery practices with neonatal mortality.

a<p>Adjusted for clustering, maternal age, maternal education, maternal reading ability, household assets, bleeding in pregnancy, excessive bleeding during delivery, preterm delivery, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 wk of life, season, number of antenatal care visits, malpresentation at delivery, fever 3 d prior to delivery, and, for the pooled analysis, study site.</p>b<p>Data available from India, Bangladesh, and Nepal, <i>n</i> = 19,754.</p>c<p>Adjusted for the indicators above and the use of a clean delivery kit.</p>d<p>It was not possible to obtain estimates for this model because of low numbers of cases where antiseptic was used; however, it was possible to include Nepal data in the pooled analysis.</p>e<p>Adjusted for the indicators above, and for delivery by a TBA, cord wrapped around infant's neck at delivery, infant condition at 5 min, parity, delivery by a skilled birth attendant (doctor, nurse, trained midwife).</p>f<p>Data available from India and Bangladesh, <i>n</i> = 13,882.</p>g<p>Not applicable: data were not collected in the study.</p

Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for the association between clean delivery kit use and hand washing, with maternal mortality obtained from logistic regression models with and without multiple imputation.

<p>^a Wald test.</p><p>^b Adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, parity, number of antenatal care visits, household assets, and for the pooled analysis, study site.</p><p>^c Multiple imputation models taking into account variables describe in b, as well as predictors of missingness including obstetric haemorrhage, and skilled birth attendant</p><p>^d Multiple imputation models also included clean delivery kit use as predictor of missingness.</p><p>^e It was not possible to include Nepal in the pooled analysis of kit use due to convergence issues caused by large numbers of missing/unknown data.</p><p>^f Model would not converge due large number of deliveries with missing/unknown data on kit use</p><p>Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for the association between clean delivery kit use and hand washing, with maternal mortality obtained from logistic regression models with and without multiple imputation.</p

Comparison of deliveries with and without hand washing.

<p>^a<i>p</i>-value obtained through chi squared statistic or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate</p><p>^b Household assets include the following definition for the different categories: all assets include those households containing any one of the following items; television, fridge, electricity; some assets refer households having any one of the following; a bicycle, radio, fan or phone, and no assets refer to a household not having any of the above mentioned assets.</p><p>^c Country specific definitions defined by Demographic Health Survey data (most recent version for country in question).[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136152#pone.0136152.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136152#pone.0136152.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>] India and Nepal: doctor, nurse or trained midwife; Bangladesh: doctor, nurse, trained midwife, family welfare visitor, community skilled birth attendant</p><p>Comparison of deliveries with and without hand washing.</p

Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for different departures from the missing at random assumption (δ*), for the exposure variable of hand washing assuming greater probability of hand washing data being missing when hand washing did not occur.

<p>^a δ is the log odds ratio of the probability of hand washing data being observed when hand washing occurred compared to when hand washing did not occur</p><p>^b Models have been adjusted by similar confounders and predictors of missingness as multiple imputation models found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136152#pone.0136152.t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>.</p><p>Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for different departures from the missing at random assumption (δ*), for the exposure variable of hand washing assuming greater probability of hand washing data being missing when hand washing did not occur.</p

Location of sites included in the study, copyright UCL Medical Illustration Services.

<p>Location of sites included in the study, copyright UCL Medical Illustration Services.</p

Meta-analysis of the effect of women’s groups on exclusive breastfeeding for 6 weeks following delivery.

<p>Meta-analysis of the effect of women’s groups on exclusive breastfeeding for 6 weeks following delivery.</p

Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal practices included in this analysis.

<p>Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal practices included in this analysis.</p

Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal practices included in this analysis.

<p>Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal practices included in this analysis.</p