The impact of soil microbiome diversity on rhizosphere microbial communities'assembly and plant health.

The rhizosphere microbiome plays a significant role in the host plant?s health, such as defense against soil-borne diseases. However, the understanding of how the rhizosphere soil microbiome diversity impacts plant protection in production systems is still limited. This study aims to evaluate the impact of rhizosphere microbiome diversity in wheat plants inoculated with the soil-borne pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana, with/without the antagonist Pseudomonas sp. CMAA1741, under a gradient of soil microbiome diversity. We hypothesized that the diversity and functionality of the rhizosphere determine the success of the antagonist bacterium establishment in the rhizosphere. Thus, a bioassay was conducted using natural soil, autoclaved soil, and three different dilutions of natural soil on autoclaved soil. The results showed that antagonist inoculated treatments resulted in higher plant height and root dry mass, while, in soils with low diversity, the severity disease index and the biocontrol effect of the antagonist were higher across all treatments that received the fungal pathogen with/without inoculant, respectively. Sterilized soils inoculated with both agents had the most effectiveness in pathogen biocontrol, with enrichment of Chtoniobacter and Chitinophaga bacterial genera in this treatment. Also, an increase of Chitinophaga bacterial genus and Alternaria, Chaetomium, and Waitea fungal genera were observed when just pathogen was inoculated in soils

O microbioma do solo e sua relação com a matéria orgânica.

Resumo: A diversidade microbiológica do solo e a formação dos microbiomas encontram-se relacionadas com os fatores abióticos como temperatura, água, pH, potencial redox, macro e micronutrientes e oxigênio entre outros fatores que influenciam diretamente a dinâmica populacional microbiana. Considerando que os serviços ecossistêmicos do solo, bem como a fitossanidade, estão totalmente atrelados aos compostos orgânicos do solo, neste capítulo são relacionados os serviços do microbioma da rizosfera com a matéria orgânica do solo, detalhando as características químicas, físicas e biológicas que moldam o microbioma e impactam suas funções

Draft genome sequences of Streptomyces virginiae strain CMAA1738, Paenibacillus ottowiistrain CMAA1739 and Pseudomonas inefficax strain CMAA1741, isolated from rhizosphere of wheat landraces.

Abstract: In this study, we have identified and characterized three genomes from bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum. Streptomyces virginiae CMAA1738 and Paenibacillus ottowii CMAA1739 were obtained from the wheat landrace Iran 1-29-11334, and Pseudomonas inefficax CMAA1741 was isolated from the wheat landrace Karakilcik.On-line first

Toxicity of wine effluents and assessment of a depuration system for their control: assay with tadpoles of Rhinella arenarum (BUFONIDAE)

We evaluated the toxicity of the winery effluent and the efficiency of a symbiotic depuration system by means an experiment with Rhinella arenarum tadpoles. The studied effluent was taken from warehouses during the cleaning season. These effluents subsequently subjected to the purification treatment under evaluation. The effluent samples differentiated into two treatment levels: “raw” where the effluent was evaluated with field conditions and “treated” where the effluent was previously filtered with the symbiotic depuration system. The results of the bioassays compared with the physicochemical parameters determined in the effluent samples. The lethal response had a clear-cut correspondence with the effluent quality assessed utilizing physicochemical parameters. In all cases, dilution of the samples resulted in a significant reduction of their toxicity. It concluded that (a) winery effluents could be harmful to tadpoles of R. arenarum, (b) the symbiotic purification system used to treat wine effluents it would produce a significant reduction in the contaminant levels of the effluent. However, this reduction in contaminant levels does not provide sufficient safety for the release of the effluents into the environment.Fil: Navas Romero, Ana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Herrera Moratta, Mario Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, María Rosa. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Quiroga, Lorena Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Filosofía, Humanidades y Artes. Instituto de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; ArgentinaFil: Echegaray, Marcelo Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; ArgentinaFil: Sanabria, Eduardo Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Filosofía, Humanidades y Artes. Instituto de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentin

Sub-lethal radiation enhances anti-tumor immunotherapy in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND: It is not uncommon to observe circulating tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes in cancer patients despite a lack of significant infiltration and destruction of their tumors. Thus, an important goal for tumor immunotherapy is to identify ways to modulate in vivo anti-tumor immunity to achieve clinical efficacy. We investigate this proposition in a spontaneous mouse tumor model, Rip1-Tag2. METHODS: Experimental therapies were carried out in two distinctive trial designs, intended to either intervene in the explosive growth of small tumors, or regress bulky end-stage tumors. Rip1-Tag2 mice received a single transfer of splenocytes from Tag-specific, CD4(+) T cell receptor transgenic mice, a single sub-lethal radiation, or a combination therapy in which the lymphocyte transfer was preceded by the sub-lethal radiation. Tumor burden, the extent of lymphocyte infiltration into solid tumors and host survival were used to assess the efficacy of these therapeutic approaches. RESULTS: In either intervention or regression, the transfer of Tag-specific T cells alone did not result in significant lymphocyte infiltration into solid tumors, not did it affect tumor growth or host survival. In contrast, the combination therapy resulted in significant reduction in tumor burden, increase in lymphocyte infiltration into solid tumors, and extension of survival. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that certain types of solid tumors may be intrinsically resistant to infiltration and destruction by tumor-specific T lymphocytes. Our data suggest that such resistance can be disrupted by sub-lethal radiation. The combinatorial approach presented here merits consideration in the design of clinical trials aimed to achieve T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity

Preneoplastic lesions of the lung

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. If we can define and detect preneoplastic lesions, we might have a chance of improving survival. The World Health Organization has defined three preneoplastic lesions of the bronchial epithelium: squamous dysplasia/carcinoma in situ; atypical adenomatous hyperplasia; and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. These lesions are believed to progress to squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumors, respectively. In this review we summarize the data supporting the preneoplastic nature of these lesions, and delve into some of the genetic changes found in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and squamous dysplasia/carcinoma in situ

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Impact of Bacillus subtilis eps and TasA genes defective on rhizosphere microbiome assembly of tomato.

Bacillus subtilis holds significant agricultural and ecological importance as one of the most extensively studied plant growth promoters. To better understand Bacillus genetic traits associated with plant fitness, we used a mutant gene-defective model to analyze itsimpact on tomato development and on rhizosphere microbiome under a gradient of soil microbial diversity. We used B. subtilis strain UD1022 and its mutant (UD1022eps-TasA- ) defective for biofilm formation. Control treatments and plants inoculated with wild or mutant Bacillus strains were used in the bioassay. Soil DNA isolation was followed by qPCR targeting B. subtilis gyrB gene, and 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing. Data analysis included comparisons of plant growth performance, gyrB quantification, and amplicon sequence variants processing using Dada2 pipeline, followed by exploratory, permutational variance, and covariance analysis. UD1022 strain significantly increased shoot and root dry masses when tomato was grown in soils with lower microbial diversity. UD1022 inoculation significantly changed soil bacterial and fungal communities’assembly in low microbial diverse soil (autoclaved soil), compared to UD1022epsTasAand control in the same soil. On the other hand, in high microbial diversity (natural soil) the rhizosphere microbiome is less affected by the inoculants. Bacterial network analysis showed that the UD1022 inoculation also impacted the relationship among bacteria phyla, by increasing the network’s modularity and number of nodes, compared to control and UD1022eps-TasA- treatments. For fungal network, the UD1022eps-TasAinoculation caused higher changes on network’s modularity, number of nodes and edges, compared to control and UD1022 treatments. In conclusion, knocking down genes associated with biofilm formation in Bacillus, impacts not only the ability of plant colonization, but also the assembly of the rhizosphere microbiome during plant development