Gravitino Production from Heavy Moduli Decay and Cosmological Moduli Problem Revived

The cosmological moduli problem for relatively heavy moduli fields is reinvestigated. For this purpose we examine the decay of a modulus field at a quantitative level. The modulus dominantly decays into gauge bosons and gauginos, provided that the couplings among them are not suppressed in the gauge kinetic function. Remarkably the modulus decay into a gravitino pair is unsuppressed generically, with a typical branching ratio of order 0.01. Such a large gravitino yield after the modulus decay causes cosmological difficulties. The constraint from the big-bang nucleosynthesis pushes up the gravitino mass above 10^5 GeV. Furthermore to avoid the over-abundance of the stable neutralino lightest superparticles (LSPs), the gravitino must weigh more than about 10^6 GeV for the wino-like LSP, and even more for other neutralino LSPs. This poses a stringent constraint on model building of low-energy supersymmetry.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure; minor correction

Gravitinos from Heavy Scalar Decay

Cosmological issues of the gravitino production by the decay of a heavy scalar field $X$ are examined, assuming that the damped coherent oscillation of the scalar once dominates the energy of the universe. The coupling of the scalar field to a gravitino pair is estimated both in spontaneous and explicit supersymmetry breaking scenarios, with the result that it is proportional to the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field in general. Cosmological constraints depend on whether the gravitino is stable or not, and we study each case separately. For the unstable gravitino with $M_{3/2} \sim$ 100GeV--10TeV, we obtain not only the upper bound, but also the lower bound on the reheating temperature after the $X$ decay, in order to retain the success of the big-bang nucleosynthesis. It is also shown that it severely constrains the decay rate into the gravitino pair. For the stable gravitino, similar but less stringent bounds are obtained to escape the overclosure by the gravitinos produced at the $X$ decay. The requirement that the free-streaming effect of such gravitinos should not suppress the cosmic structures at small scales eliminates some regions in the parameter space, but still leaves a new window of the gravitino warm dark matter. Implications of these results to inflation models are discussed. In particular, it is shown that modular inflation will face serious cosmological difficulty when the gravitino is unstable, whereas it can escape the constraints for the stable gravitino. A similar argument offers a solution to the cosmological moduli problem, in which the moduli is relatively heavy while the gravitino is light.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure

Changes in phenols contents from buckwheat sprouts during growth stage

Germinated buckwheat is buckwheat seeds soaked in water just until it begins to bud. Buckwheat sprouts are seedling plants of buckwheat grown up to 10-15 cm. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal growth period for accumulating the most abundant functional phenol(s) in germinated buckwheat that had been soaked in darkness and buckwheat sprouts cultivated by hydroponic culture. The rutin contained in germinated buckwheat was analyzed by CE (capillary electrophoresis). Phenols, including isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, vitexin, and rutin were separated from buckwheat sprouts by HPLC and identified by LC-MS. The highest rutin content in germinated buckwheat was found to be 15.8 mg/100 g DW at 20 h after germination. Buckwheat sprouts contained five kinds of major phenols. The highest amounts of isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin were measured at day 3, with the exception of rutin, and then a gradual decrease was observed as the sprouts grew. The quantities of isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin at day 3 were 5.8, 11.7, 26.2, and 28.9 mg/100 g FW, respectively. The rutin content rapidly increased to 109.0 mg/100 g FW until day 6. The highest total phenols in buckwheat sprouts were 162.9 mg/100 g FW at day 6. Germinated buckwheat soaked for 20 h and buckwheat sprouts cultivated for 6 days were rich in dietary phenol(s), which makes these plants a valuable functional food for human consumption.ArticleJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-MYSORE. 50(1):86-93 (2013)journal articl

Kadison’s Schwarz and Kantorovich inequalities on correlation operators

Applying Kadison’s Schwarz inequality and the Kantorovich inequality to Hadamard products of operators, we show some facts on correlation operators which are defined in virture of the Hadamard product

Surgical Strategy of Cleft Palate Repair and Nasometric Results

The goal of cleft palate (CP) repair is to achieve normal speech. Despite the recent development of surgical repair of cleft palate, there is no standard procedure that ensures patients\u27 speech to the same level as that in noncleft children. In this chapter, we describe our surgical strategy of cleft palate repair that approaches each anatomical and pathological abnormality of cleft palate and the postoperative speech outcomes using the subjective and objective manners. After palate repair based on our surgical strategy, patients\u27 speech was significantly improved, and the nasalance scores were recovered to almost the same levels as those of Japanese children without cleft palate

On the Scope Interaction of Japanese Indefinites: An Epsilon Calculus Approach

PACLIC 23 / City University of Hong Kong / 3-5 December 200