Energy Circulation Theory to Derive the Cosmic Evolution, Electric Charge, Light and Electromagnetism

Starting from the premise that the energy is vibrations in multiple dimensions, we propose the following energy circulation theory: Energy is the movement of an intrinsic energy, and can work as a new intrinsic energy for the direction perpendicular to the original movement. The fundamental force works between two momentums, by which antiparallel energy movements bend and make a circle. A form of the fundamental force is the electric force working on the electric charge, which is the momentum in a hidden dimension. Simultaneous separations of two pairs of conjugate energy circulations provide two universes, where the energy distribution is expanding in four dimensions. We divide the energy into two parts. The space energy is a rest energy corresponding to the vacuum space. The apparent energy is the kinetic energy and what we detect as energy in the 3D space. We induce the electric charge, light and electromagnetism from an energy circulation in one hidden and one space dimensions

Synthesis of manganese nitride doped with rare-earth elements and their oxygen reduction reaction activity

[EN] Binary and ternary metal nitrides with d-block elements have been attracting attention as non-platinum oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts. However, nitrides with f-block elements have not been explored as ORR catalysts, presumably because of their instability in an aqueous solution. By combining the stability of d-block metal nitrides in an alkaline solution and a high affinity toward OH of the f-block elements, novel ORR nitride catalysts in an aqueous alkaline solution would emerge. Herein, we synthesized novel manganese nitrides with rare-earth elements (Y, Er, Tm, Yb) via the self-combustion reaction and evaluated their ORR activities in an aqueous alkaline solution. Ytterbium-doped manganese nitrides with different compositions were synthesized by the combustion reactions between MnCl-YbCl mixtures and NaNH powder. The lattice parameter of the synthesized nitrides increased with an increase in the concentration of rare-earth elements, and EDX exhibited the distribution of Mn and Yb on the nanometer scale. A significant change in the magnetic properties by adding Yb supported the incorporation of Yb into an MnN framework. The enhancement of the ORR activity and high affinity of OH on the surface were found in the nitride catalysts with ∼1% Yb/Mn ratio. In addition, manganese nitrides containing small amounts of various rare-earth elements (Y, Er, Gd, Tm) with enhanced catalytic activities were also synthesized. This work provides new strategies for synthesizing metal nitrides with rare-earth elements, and for improving the ORR catalytic activities of metal nitrides by doping rare-earth elements.This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21H02022 and the EIG CONCERT-Japan under the Strategic International Collaborative Research Program (SICORP) by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) (Grant Number JPMJSC17C3).Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16798