Influencia de la fertirrigación nitrogenada en la concentración de nitratos en el extracto celular de peciolo, el rendimiento y la calidad de tomate de invernadero

Nitrogen is the macronutrient that most affect the yield and quality of harvested horticultural products. However it is important to know the response of each environment and horticultural crop in order to get a most efficient use of nutrient applied. Tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) "Beatrice" was cultivated under plastic greenhouse conditions on arid soil of Sonoran desert of Mexico Northwest. Nitrates in extract cellular of petiole, fruit yield (total and marketable) and quality parameters (total soluble solids: TSS, titratable acidity: AT and soluble solids titratable acidity ratio: TSS/AT) were evaluated in relation of four nitrogen fertilization rates (250, 500, 750 and 1000 kg N ha-1). During nine dates, nitrate concentrations in extract cellular of petiole (ECP) were determined and the relationship with marketable yield was considered. Significant differences were found in total and marketable yield (P 0.05). Size fruit resulted not affected by any nitrogen rates. On the other hand, when nitrate concentrations on ECP were related at nitrogen rates applied, a significantly response was found (P < 0.05). Similarly, nitrate in ECP concentrations were associated with marketable yield on eight of nine dates tested (P<0.05). Under this environment soil and climate conditions, greenhouse tomato respond at high nitrogen rates with high yields, with none effect on quality. On the other hand, because nitrate concentrations in ECP were in relation with fruit yield, it could be possible to identify preliminary sufficiency nitrates ranges.El nitrógeno es el macronutriente que más afecta el rendimiento y la calidad de los productos hortícolas cosechados. Sin embargo, es importante conocer la respuesta de cada cultivo y ambiente en particular a fin de obtener el mayor uso eficiente del nutriente aplicado. El cultivo de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) "Beatrice" fue cultivado bajo condiciones de invernadero con cubierta plástica sobre un suelo árido del desierto sonorense en el noroeste de México. Se evaluó la concentración de nitratos en el extracto celular de peciolo (ECP), el rendimiento de fruta (total y comercial), así como parámetros de calidad (sólidos solubles totales: TSS, acidez titulable: AT, relación TSS/AT) en relación con cuatro dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (250, 500, 750 y 1000 kg N ha-1). Durante nueve fechas, se midió la concentración de nitratos en el ECP y los valores obtenidos se relacionaron con el rendimiento comercial. Las dosis de nitrógeno tuvieron efecto positivo en el rendimiento (P < 0,05) mientras que la calidad y el tamaño de la fruta no resultaron afectadas por ninguno de los tratamientos aplicados (P ˃ 0,05). De la misma manera, la concentraciones de nitratos en ECP estuvieron asociadas al rendimiento de la fruta en ocho de las nueve fechas evaluadas (P < 0,05). De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que bajo las condiciones de suelo y clima en que se desarrolló el experimento, el cultivo de tomate responde a altas dosis de nitrógeno (750 kg ha-1) sin afectar su calidad. Así mismo, debido a la relación encontrada entre la concentración de nitratos en ECP y el rendimiento de fruta, podría ser posible utilizar los rangos de suficiencia en nitratos en ECP obtenidos en este estudio

Nitrogen fertigation influence on nitrate concentration of nitrates on extract cellular of petiole, yield and quality of greenhouse tomato

El nitrógeno es el macronutriente que más afecta el rendimiento y la calidad de los productos hortícolas cosechados. Sin embargo, es importante conocer la respuesta de cada cultivo y ambiente en particular a fin de obtener el mayor uso eficiente del nutriente aplicado. El cultivo de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) "Beatrice" fue cultivado bajo condiciones de invernadero con cubierta plástica sobre un suelo árido del desierto sonorense en el noroeste de México. Se evaluó la concentración de nitratos en el extracto celular de peciolo (ECP), el rendimiento de fruta (total y comercial), así como parámetros de calidad (sólidos solubles totales: TSS, acidez titulable: AT, relación TSS/AT) en relación con cuatro dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (250, 500, 750 y 1000 kg N ha-1). Durante nueve fechas, se midió la concentración de nitratos en el ECP y los valores obtenidos se relacionaron con el rendimiento comercial. Las dosis de nitrógeno tuvieron efecto positivo en el rendimiento (P < 0,05) mientras que la calidad y el tamaño de la fruta no resultaron afectadas por ninguno de los tratamientos aplicados (P ˃ 0,05). De la misma manera, la concentraciones de nitratos en ECP estuvieron asociadas al rendimiento de la fruta en ocho de las nueve fechas evaluadas (P < 0,05). De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que bajo las condiciones de suelo y clima en que se desarrolló el experimento, el cultivo de tomate responde a altas dosis de nitrógeno (750 kg ha-1) sin afectar su calidad. Así mismo, debido a la relación encontrada entre la concentración de nitratos en ECP y el rendimiento de fruta, podría ser posible utilizar los rangos de suficiencia en nitratos en ECP obtenidos en este estudio.Nitrogen is the macronutrient that most affect the yield and quality of harvested horticultural products. However it is important to know the response of each environment and horticultural crop in order to get a most efficient use of nutrient applied. Tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) "Beatrice" was cultivated under plastic greenhouse conditions on arid soil of Sonoran desert of Mexico Northwest. Nitrates in extract cellular of petiole, fruit yield (total and marketable) and quality parameters (total soluble solids: TSS, titratable acidity: AT and soluble solids titratable acidity ratio: TSS/AT) were evaluated in relation of four nitrogen fertilization rates (250, 500, 750 and 1000 kg N ha-1). During nine dates, nitrate concentrations in extract cellular of petiole (ECP) were determined and the relationship with marketable yield was considered. Significant differences were found in total and marketable yield (P < 0.05) but not with quality attributes by any nitrogen rates applied at crop (P > 0.05). Size fruit resulted not affected by any nitrogen rates. On the other hand, when nitrate concentrations on ECP were related at nitrogen rates applied, a significantly response was found (P < 0.05). Similarly, nitrate in ECP concentrations were associated with marketable yield on eight of nine dates tested (P<0.05). Under this environment soil and climate conditions, greenhouse tomato respond at high nitrogen rates with high yields, with none effect on quality. On the other hand, because nitrate concentrations in ECP were in relation with fruit yield, it could be possible to identify preliminary sufficiency nitrates ranges.Fil: Núñez Ramírez, Fidel. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (México)Fil: Grijalva Contreras, Raúl Leonel. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (México)Fil: Robles Contreras, Fabián. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (México)Fil: Macías Duarte, Rubén. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (México)Fil: Escobosa García, María Isabel. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (México)Fil: Cázares Santillano, Jesús. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (México

CRECIMIENTO, ACUMULACIÓN Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE MATERIA SECA EN TOMATE DE INVERNADERO

Se realizó un estudio en el cultivo de tomate crecido en invernadero, con el objetivo de conocer su crecimiento y desarrollo, así como su partición y acumulación de materia seca durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Semanalmente se midió la altura, número de hojas y el área foliar de la hoja más recientemente madura. Adicionalmente, cada tres semanas se realizaron muestreos de biomasa a plantas completas y se les determinó el peso seco y su partición entre frutos y tejido foliar. Al final del estudio, la planta alcanzó una altura de 2,86 m, con una tasa máxima de crecimiento presentada entre los 165 y 175 días después del trasplante (ddt; 24 cm semana-1). La máxima área foliar en la hoja más recientemente madura se presentó entre los 30 y los 80 ddt (1500 cm2). Así mismo, cada planta acumuló 1003,4 g de materia seca, destinando 54% hacia los frutos y 46% hacia las hojas y tallos. El conocimiento detallado del crecimiento de plantas de tomate de invernadero brinda a los productores la oportunidad de diseñar prácticas de manejo que incrementen sus rendimientos a la vez que hacen eficiente la aplicación de recursos como el agua y los fertilizantes

Leaf area and its impact in yield and quality of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study aimed to estimate the tomato leaf area index (LAI) by comparing two methods (destructive and interception of photosynthetically active radiation) and the consequent relationship to fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with tezontle (red volcanic scoria) as the substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1, T2 and T3, with one, two and three stems per plant, respectively. The LAI was measured with a ceptometer that estimates the intercepted radiation above and below the canopy. Maximum LAI was found at 1413 cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). Those indexes were 3.69, 5.27 and 6.16 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Individual correlation models were fitted linearly between the two methods. The R2 values were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with yields of 20, 18 and 17 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In addition, T1 produced better fruit size quality with approximately 69, 23 and 8% classified as first, second and third class, respectively. Only 1% was classified as a small fruit. Increasing the number of stems per plant increased the LAI and fruit number but decreased fruit size. Highlights: The leaf area index (LAI) is a very important variable for growth and development of crops. The ceptometer proved to be a fast, useful and statistically reliable method to estimate LAI. The increase of photosynthetically active radiation favors the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The number of stems per plant increase the LAI, dry matter accumulation, plant height and the number of fruits. However, the size of fruit decreases.This study aimed to estimate the tomato leaf area index (LAI) by comparing two methods (destructive and interception of photosynthetically active radiation) and the consequent relationship to fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with tezontle (red volcanic scoria) as the substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1, T2 and T3, with one, two and three stems per plant, respectively. The LAI was measured with a ceptometer that estimates the intercepted radiation above and below the canopy. Maximum LAI was found at 1413 cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). Those indexes were 3.69, 5.27 and 6.16 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Individual correlation models were fitted linearly between the two methods. The R2 values were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with yields of 20, 18 and 17 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In addition, T1 produced better fruit size quality with approximately 69, 23 and 8% classified as first, second and third class, respectively. Only 1% was classified as a small fruit. Increasing the number of stems per plant increased the LAI and fruit number but decreased fruit size. Highlights: The leaf area index (LAI) is a very important variable for growth and development of crops. The ceptometer proved to be a fast, useful and statistically reliable method to estimate LAI. The increase of photosynthetically active radiation favors the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The number of stems per plant increase the LAI, dry matter accumulation, plant height and the number of fruits. However, the size of fruit decreases

BIOSINTESIS, ACUMULACIÓN Y EFECTO DEL AMBIENTE SOBRE COMPUESTOS ANTIOXIDANTES DEL FRUTO DEL CULTIVO DE CHILE (Capsicum spp.)/ BIOSYNTHESIS, ACCUMULATION AND EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS IN THE FRUIT OF PEPPER CROP (Capsicum spp.)

El fruto del chile (Capsicum spp) es uno de los productos agrícolas alimenticios más populares que existe en el mundo. Posee diversos usos y formas que han sido utilizados desde tiempos muy remotos. Por su nivel de consumo el fruto del chile figura como uno de las Solanáceas más importantes. Un interés creciente ha resurgido en estudiar sus propiedades químico-alimenticias, ya que contiene grandes cantidades de compuestos antioxidantes de gran importancia en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas. Entre estos compuestos se encuentran los carotenoides, el ácido ascórbico y los capsaicinoides. Sin embargo, la cantidad de estos compuestos, varía notablemente entre especies de Capsicum e incluso entre variedades. La edad del fruto a la cosecha, el ambiente de desarrollo de la planta, manejo agronómico y vida post-cosecha, son algunos de los factores que influyen en los contenidos y concentraciones de estos compuestos en el fruto del chile. La presente revisión se realizó con el objetivo de explorar aspectos importantes sobre la biosíntesis, acumulación y efecto del ambiente sobre los contenidos de compuestos antioxidantes en frutos del cultivo de chile. ABSTRACT The pepper fruit (Capsicum spp.) is one of the most popular nutritional agricultural products in the world. It has a diversity of uses and presentations since remote times. Due to its consumption level, the pepper fruit appears like one of the most important member of the Solanaceae family. The high amount of antioxidant compounds present resulted in a recent resurging interest in studying its nutritional and chemical properties for the prevention of chronic and degenerative diseases. These compounds include carotenoids, ascorbic acid and capsaicinoids. However, the amount of these compounds is remarkably variable among Capsicum species and even between varieties. The fruit age at harvest time, environmental conditions during the plant growth, agronomic management and post-harvest handling, are some of the factors that infl uence contents and concentrations of these compounds in pepper fruit. This review aims on exploring important aspects of the biosynthesis, accumulation and environment eff ect on contents of antioxidant compounds in pepper fruit

Nutrient removal and yield of different maize hybrids

Objective: to determine the macro and micronutrient removal values and potential yield of different hybrids, and, also to determine the relationship between grain nutrient removal and grain yield. Design/methodology/approach: to assess correlations and determine the association degree between the nutrient removal values and grain yield. Results: the total nutrient removal values were in N> K> Ca> Mg> P, and Mn> Fe> Zn> B> Cu order, which are higher values when compared to another research. Also, these provide the mineral content in grains, which is a nutritional quality-related parameter. Limitations on study/implications: increasing the number of hybrids, different fertilization rates, different soil conditions, and crop management practices should be evaluated to assess whether these influence/inhibit the final nutrient concentration and total removal in grain. Findings/conclusions: The total grain nutrient removal values varied as a function of hybrids, yield goal, and nutrient concentration in tissues. These values allow the adjustment of current fertilization rates. The same hybrids under different management practices (fertilization dose), or soil types, substantially influence the grain nutrient concentration and therefore total nutrient removal

BIOSTIMULATION OF CUCUMBER CROP PRODUCED IN SHELTERED CONDITIONS

Objective: To evaluate the physiological and productive response of cucumber crop to the induction of three commercial phytohormones (Cito Xplosión, Súper Hormonal, Vitaminum Forte) grown under protected conditions. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment consisted of three treatments, T1 (Cito Xplosión), T2 (Súper Hormonal), and T3 (Vitaminum Forte). The evaluated variables were plant height, number of leaves, fresh biomass, fruit diameter and length, number and weight, total soluble solids, pH, and electrical conductivity. Results: In the physiological variables, values of plant heights were 225, 228, 220, and 238 cm for T1, T2, T3, and the control. 33 leaves for all treatments and 31 for the control, T1 and T2 produced higher fresh biomass in leaves, stems, roots, and flowers, while T3 produced higher biomass in fruits. For the fruit length, the values were 16.9, 17.6, 17.6, and 18.4 cm, and diameters of 5.2, 5.2, 5.1, and 5.1 cm for T1, T2, T3, and the control. The weight of fruits was 293.2, 297.3, 283.9, and 281.7 g with yields of 10.1, 10.9, 10.0, and 9.6 kg m-2 for T1, T2, T3, and the control. Limitations on study/implications: More varieties should be evaluated using different nutrient solution concentrations and management practices as a function of the number of stems to assess whether phytohormones influence physiological or productive variables. Findings/conclusions: From an economic point of view, T2 was the best treatment, achieving a higher yield and fruit quality