Tea Polyphenols Chemistry for Pharmaceutical Applications

Tea is one of the most ancient popular beverages and extensively used dietary supplement in the western world. Tea leaves are rich in polyphenols and also well known for its antioxidant properties. In addition, green tea extract contains several polyphenols with antioxidant compounds. The predominant effective antioxidant components are epigallocatechin 3-gallate and epicatechin 3-gallate (monomers). Tea polyphenols have an additional role to induce aroma and taste in beverages. Furthermore, tea polyphenols have multiple applications in food industry and biomedical applications. This chapter will summarise the origin of tea leaves and its beneficial account on antioxidant, food industry (meat products, plant products and fish products) and therapeutic applications against many diseases such as lowering of blood pressure, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and anticancer properties. Mainly tea polyphenols have potential to inhibit the cancer proliferation of skin, prostate, lung and breast cancer

Fabrication of chitosan-alginate microencapsulated curcumin coated scaffold to develop novel cotton crepe bandage

Medicated cotton crepe bandages have been developed, using natural curcumin conjugated polymer nanoparticle withbiocompatible and biodegradable properties. Curcumin (C) has been incorporated into Chitosan (Ch) and sodium alginate(A) microcapsule, which serve as templates for nanofibres. The coating of C-ChA results in chitosan scaffold (CS)containing curcumin-chitosan microcomplex (CS-CChM). Both the substances act as a powerful biomaterial for tissueengineering applications, especially for wound healing. CS-CChM along with C-ChA have been characterized using FTIRand SEM. The free radical scavenging effect is determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and anti-inflammatoryassay. The developed CS-CChM nanofibre shows an impressive mechanical stability which is an essential requirementfor wound healing. The bearing of curcumin shows cytotoxic effect. The in vitro radical scavenging activity and theanti-inflammatory assay are performed by inhibition of albumin denaturation. These microencapsulated matrix displayspotent anticancer activity against mouse fibroblast on both normal (L929) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells.The cell viability is observed to be 51.4 ± 0.71 and 30.53 ± 0.99 respectively for both. CS-CChM nanofibre is found to bestable against enzymatic degradation, which is the most important parameter for promoting the proliferation of cells,contributing to repair and remodeling of tissues during wound healing applications

Architectural effect of different tea clones on the development of blister blight disease

An attempt has been made to analyze the architectural traits of six elite tea (Camellia sinensis) clones representing the three principal taxa Assam, China and Cambod with respect to the correlation of blister blight disease (Exobasidium vexans) development. In order to analyze the architecture, branching habit and flushing behavior were observed and subsequently compared with disease incidence. All the clones followed similar architectural pattern irrespective of the cultivar but varied with levels of disease severity. The number of branches was higher in China when compared to Assam and Cambod, branch length was bigger in Assam followed by Cambod and China. Branch angle of all the clones lay well within the described range of theoretical value of 45 to 90°. In general, internodal length was bigger in Assam followed by Cambod and China. These architectural characteristics determined the number of harvestable tea shoots in the bush canopy. China cultivars exhibited an erectophile type of leaf angle, which influenced effective net photosynthesis, transpiration rates and light penetration in leaves. These factors are playing important roles in a disease development strategy. This study should be useful for clonal selection for new clearings and re-planting areas. Moreover, plants breeding programmes for studying the yield and tea quality losses due to blister blight disease benefit from the findings herein

Evaluation of different native Streptomyces spp. for effective management of rhizome rot of turmeric

The efficacy of talc based bioformulations containing various biocontrol agents against rhizome rot disease caused by Pythium aphanidermatum in turmeric plants was evaluated under field condition. Indigenous biocontrol agents such as Streptomyceslydicus, Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces sannanensis belonging to actinomycetes group, Pseudomonas fluorescens (bacterial) and Trichoderma atroviride (fungal) were selected for the biological control of rhizome rot of turmeric. The results indicated a significantly stronger reduction in disease severity in trial plots treated with Bacillus subtilis based commercial fungicide ‘Companion’ when compared to plants treated with indigenous biocontrol agents. However, it was reverse in trial plots in terms of turmeric rhizome yield potential, yield attributes, physiological components, biochemical constituents and quality characteristics of rhizomes. Among 17 treatments, a dual mixture of S. griseus and T. atroviride achieved the best disease control as well as plant growth improvement when compared to single and triple combinations of biocontrol agents. The present study confirms that exploration of microbial formulations containing Streptomyces spp.as soil inoculant to turmeric plants exhibited some benefits to turmeric plant growth as well as controlling rhizome rot disease, which ultimately enhance the overall quality characteristics of rhizomes. Further, our results suggest that a dual combination of biocontrol agents represent a promising method for effective management of rhizome rot of turmeric

Utilization of waste tea leaves as bio-surfactant in CdS quantum dots synthesis and their cytotoxicity effect in breast cancer cells

Green technology for nanoparticles synthesis is considered to be of great significance in biomedical applications. Recently, low dimensional semiconductor cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (QDs) have raised great attention due to their optical properties and wide usage in biomedical studies. In our present work, we demonstrate a simple green synthesis route for CdS QDs production using waste matured tea leaves (mother leaf) as bio-surfactant that are a waste product of the tea leaf industry and not suitable for drinking. The structural and morphological analysis showed waste tea leaf derived CdS QDs range from 2.5 to 4 nm in particle size with a cubic crystalline structure. Interestingly, these CdS QDs exhibit strong florescence emission with maximum around 670 nm. We explored the cytotoxic effect of waste tea leaf mediated CdS QDs (MT-CdS QDs) in breast cancer cell lines and compared their viability with standard drug - cisplatin. Our experimental studies strongly suggest that MT-CdS QDs exhibits cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells and their performance was compared with standard drug cisplatin. To further understand the role of MT-CdS QDs towards cytotoxicity, the fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis were carried out. The flow cytometry results reveal that MT-CdS QDs induces cell death as it arrests the cell cycle at S phase as well as G2/M phase. Further the apoptosis mechanism was confirmed with the expression of anti-apoptotic and apoptotic proteins. These studies explored that waste tea leaves have dual advantage – both in controlling the particle size of CdS QDs as well as facilitates their cytotoxicity effect in breast cancer cell death. Therefore, it is anticipated that the utilization of MT-CdS QDs produced from waste tea leaves as bi-functional drug and delivery vehicle in cancer treatment will be a promising approach. Also, this is a simple and circular economic route for producing biocompatible QDs at low-cost, which could simultaneously benefit tea and biomedical industries

Fabrication of chitosan-alginate microencapsulated curcumin coated scaffold to develop novel cotton crepe bandage

271-278Medicated cotton crepe bandages have been developed, using natural curcumin conjugated polymer nanoparticle with biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Curcumin (C) has been incorporated into Chitosan (Ch) and sodium alginate (A) microcapsule, which serve as templates for nanofibres. The coating of C-ChA results in chitosan scaffold (CS) containing curcumin-chitosan microcomplex (CS-CChM). Both the substances act as a powerful biomaterial for tissue engineering applications, especially for wound healing. CS-CChM along with C-ChA have been characterized using FTIR and SEM. The free radical scavenging effect is determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and anti-inflammatory assay. The developed CS-CChM nanofibre shows an impressive mechanical stability which is an essential requirement for wound healing. The bearing of curcumin shows cytotoxic effect. The in vitro radical scavenging activity and the anti-inflammatory assay are performed by inhibition of albumin denaturation. These microencapsulated matrix displays potent anticancer activity against mouse fibroblast on both normal (L929) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. The cell viability is observed to be 51.4 ± 0.71 and 30.53 ± 0.99 respectively for both. CS-CChM nanofibre is found to be stable against enzymatic degradation, which is the most important parameter for promoting the proliferation of cells, contributing to repair and remodeling of tissues during wound healing applications

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Streptomyces Spp., Characterization and Evaluating of Its Efficacy against Phomopsis theae and Poria hypolateria in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis)

The biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles is an emerging area of advanced research in plant protection. In this study, an eco-friendly and rapid protocol was developed where silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized by using Streptomyces spp. The biocontrol agent was isolated from different tea soils and the efficient strain (VASC201) was identified by dual culture and antibiosis. Nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from this efficient strain. The silver nanoparticles exhibited their resonance peak at 448 nm under ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The structural analysis of the silver nanoparticles synthesized by the Streptomyces spp. exhibited a strong crystalline structure. The morphology and chemical composition of the silver nanoparticle were examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and were predominantly spherical in shape and uniformly distributed without significant agglomeration. The average crystalline size of the prepared silver nanoparticle was found to be 51.2 nm. The stretching vibrational peak at 3420, 2920 and 2350 cm-1 in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were attributed to various functional group of metal nanoparticle synthesis. We assessed the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles against Poria hypolateritia and Phomopsis theae. The results showed that the nanoparticles showed very good inhibitory effect of about 69.90% inhibition of Poria at 5 ppm concentration on the 15th day. Phomopsis was inhibited to 67.47% at 5 ppm of silver nanoparticles at the same time interval

Bioefficacy of Lecanoric Acid Produced by <i>Parmotrema austrosinense</i> (Zahlbr.) Hale against Tea Fungal Pathogens

Lichens are symbiotic organisms that are composed of fungal partners and photosynthetic algal partners. During the symbiotic process in lichen thallus, the fungus synthesizes certain secondary metabolites in which lecanoric acid is very important in terms of antibiotic properties. Considering the vital importance of lecanoric acid, the present study aimed to produce lecanoric acid from the thallus of Parmotrema austrosinense lichen using Modified Bold’s basal salt medium and evaluate the bio-efficacy against tea fungal pathogens. Lecanoric acid was purified and confirmed by micro-crystallization method and subsequently bioassayed against tea fungal pathogens. The results revealed that lecanoric acid registered a significant antifungal activity in terms of the growth inhibition of test pathogens. Companion systemic and botanical fungicides were found to be inferior to lecanoric acid in the percentage of growth inhibition. The inhibition rate varied among tea pathogens. Of the tea pathogens tested, tea leaf disease-causing pathogens including Cercospora theae (C. theae), Glomerella cingulata (G. cingulate), and Phomopsis theae (P. theae) showed the highest percentage of growth inhibition followed by stem and root rot diseases. The present study suggests that lecanoric acid showed an inhibitory effect against tea pathogens, which might be due to antibiotic properties and fungicidal action of lecanoric acid

Antitumor effect of proanthocyanidin induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer (HT-29) cells and its molecular docking studies

Abstract Proanthocyanidin (PAC) is a promising compound that has displayed its potent antineoplastic properties with a specific intrinsic pathway. This precise us to explore the phyto-preventive effect of PAC against colon cancer (HT-29). The results showed that PAC inhibited the cell growth and GI50 value was found to be 6.25 μM for 24 h exposure, when correlated to the normal cell line does not have toxicity was noticed. The linguistic differences, similarly membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage fragmented nuclear bodies and mitochondrial membrane were observed in AO/EtBr and DAPI staining. The features of regular mechanical apoptotic characterization was analyzed by DNA fragmentation. The cell cycle arrest at G2/M phases was detected using FACS analysis. The early and late apoptotic cells were observed by using Annexin V/PI staining. The ligand–protein interaction and docking studies were performed using Schrodinger’s software. The QPLD analysis of docking studies revealed that PAC exhibited better binding affinity of − 5.23, − 5.17 and − 4.43, − 4.47 kcal/mol against BCL-XL, CDK2 and were compared with 5-FU respectively, which significantly reveals the anticancerous activity of Proanthocyanidin compound. Thus, the PAC compound provides future application of therapeutic option in the treatment of colon cancers

Anti-biofilm efficacy of marine actinomycete mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles increased the intracellular damages in biofilm forming K. pneumoniae

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized and characterized by marine endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces coeruleorubidus (S. coeruleorubidus). In result, the 380 nm spectrum of the synthesized peak was confirmed as ZnO NPs. Uniform sized nanoparticles that particle size was distributed in the range from 6 nm to 195 nm. The exact ZnO NPs morphology was clearly shown by transmission electron microscope analysis. In addition, the single crystalline or poly crystalline or amorphous nature of the ZnO NPs was clearly indicated by the result of SAED. The XRD diffraction and EDX values were more high and confirmed as ZnO NPs. Further, the antibiofilm properties of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs was exhibited 32 mm zone of inhibition against biofilm producing K. pneumoniae at 1000 µg/mL concentration. The 98% of biofilm eradication in K. pneumoniae was observed after treatment with ZnO NPs at 24 h. Furthermore, the survival fitness of the biofilm cells were degraded very high rate at 1000 µg/mL concentration of ZnO NPs. Altogether, the present result was proved that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs was very effective against biofilm forming K. pneumoniae at very low concentration, and it is an alternative drug candidate molecule in future drug discovery process