Genome-Wide Association Study in Bipolar Patients Stratified by Co-Morbidity

Bipolar disorder is a severe psychiatric disorder with high heritability. Co-morbid conditions are common and might define latent subgroups of patients that are more homogeneous with respect to genetic risk factors.In the Caucasian GAIN bipolar disorder sample of 1000 cases and 1034 controls, we tested the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with patient subgroups defined by co-morbidity.). All three associations were found under the recessive genetic model. Bipolar disorder with low probability of co-morbid conditions did not show significant associations.Conceptualizing bipolar disorder as a heterogeneous disorder with regard to co-morbid conditions might facilitate the identification of genetic risk alleles. Rare variants might contribute to the susceptibility to bipolar disorder

4. Part (22.07.2004): Multilevel Modeling

Content: Multilevel Modeling with Continuous and Categorical Latent Variables; In Multilevel Terms; Output Excerpts for Multilevel Regression Model; Two-Level Factor Analysis with Covariates; Two-Level Growth Modeling; Multilevel Mixture Modelin

1. Part (22.07.2004): Structural Equation Modeling

Content: General Latent Variable Modeling Framework; Continuous Latent Variables; Measurment Error i a Covariate; Calculating Item Probabilities; Numerical Integratio

2. Part (22.07.2004): Growth Modeling

Content: General Latent Variable Modeling Framework; Individual Development Over Time; Advantages of Growth Modeling in a Latent Variable Framework; Growth Modeling in Multilevel Terms; Modeling with a Preponderance of Zero

3. Part (22.07.2004): Mixture Modeling

Content: Latent Class Analysis; Latent Transition Analysis; Growth Mixture Modelin