La internalización de la naturaleza autónoma en la sociedad

En la actualidad, existe una gran cantidad de discursos teóricos que declaran que la naturaleza está siendo socialmente construida e incluso abolida. Unos autores lo celebran, otros se lamentan por ello, mientras que otros terceros incluso apartan las dinámicas naturales totalmente de sus análisis. En este artículo, se evalúan, en primer lugar y de forma crítica, estas distintas teorías y metodologías referentes a las relaciones entre las prácticas sociales y los procesos naturales, para desarrollar a continuación un argumento alternativo. La expansión de la sociedad hacia áreas vírgenes ha ocasionado la aparición de nuevos trastornos de la naturaleza a la sociedad. La naturaleza prístina ha sido sustituida por una naturaleza primaria modificada socialmente, que conserva su capacidad de afectar a las construcciones sociales con dinámicas independientes. Sin embargo, la naturaleza permanece encajada dentro la tecnología, así como su potencial para escapar al control. Estos híbridos construidos por humanos y no humanos se recombinan con procesos y materiales de la naturaleza. Ahora que esta naturaleza recombinante ha sido integrada en la sociedad y que nuevas dinámicas de la naturaleza primaria han sido internalizadas, hay un mayor motivo para incorporar las fuerzas de la naturaleza en los análisis sociológicos.There is presently much theoretical discourse claiming that nature is being socially constructed or even abolished. Some authors celebrate this development and others lament it. Still others bracket natures dynamics out of the analysis. The present paper critically assesses these theories and methodologies concerning relations between social practices and processes of nature. It then develops an alternative argument. The expansion of society into wilderness areas has brought new disturbances of nature into society. Pristine nature has been replaced by socially encompassed primal nature, which retains its capacity for independent dynamics that affect social constructions. Moreover, nature remains embedded in technology and so does its potential to escape control. These hybrids constructed by humans and nonhumans recombine processes and materials of nature. Now that this recombinant nature has been integrated into society and new primal dynamics of nature have been internalised, there is increasing reason to incorporate the forces of nature into sociological analysis

Book Review: Under the Weather: Reimagining Mobility in the Climate Crisis.

Under the Weather: Reimagining Mobility in the Climate Crisis is an insightful, important book that reports on a fine-grained investigation Sodero made of the consequences and response to the disasters resulting from Hurricane Juan in Nova Scotia in 2003 and Hurricane Igor in Newfoundland in 2010, with comparisons to Hurricane Sandy in New York, Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, the 1998 ice storm in northeastern North America and the Icelandic ash cloud. One original feature is the focus on mobility, how indispensable it is in modern societies, how it is disrupted by extreme weather, and the necessity of restoring and improving the mobility infrastructure in the context of climate change to make it more robust and resilient. Sodero traces how mobility is at the centre of disasters, in terms of disrupting the movement of humans and their mobility infrastructures, as well as in terms of nature’s “ecological mobilities”. Another original feature involves investigating fossil-fuelled mobility as the cause of these extreme weather disasters. Natural science demonstrated that contemporary climate change has human causes, and now its attribution studies are beginning to document that specific disasters are caused by climate change, but it hasn’t yet disaggregated overall gigatons of greenhouse-gas emissions into their causal sources, like driving and flying. Sodero argues that such fossil-fuelled mobility worsens severe weather and resulting disasters. This opens up neglected research into the demand for fossil-fuelled mobility as a cause of climate change

English Grammar in Use -3/E.

- Offers: the same easy to use format: on each left hand page a grammar point is explained and on the right handpagethere are excerses to check understanding - Is ideal forself study. - Has nine completely new units, including eight new units on phrasal verbs to coverthis important area more thoroughly - Has a wealth of additional exercises for extra contrastive practis

BUILDING PROFESSIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY IN THREE WESTERN UPPER PENINSULA COUNTIES: RESULTS OF A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY AND FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

This paper is a part of a series of reports of the activities conducted under a grant from the Fund for Rural America, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Funds for the three year grant entitled "Enhancing Rural Economies Through Comprehensive Extension, Research & Partnering Approaches Using Multi-County Clusters in Michigan With Application to National Rural Settings" were received by Michigan State University's Department of Agricultural Economics in March, 1998. The major goal of the grant is to increase economic development activity in four clusters of rural counties in Michigan through the utilization of the resources of the Michigan State University Extension Service, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, and other resources of Michigan State University. Various local, state, and federal public partners as well as the private sector are to co-sponsor projects. This paper represents the first stages of a continuing project to explore the utilization of retirement community human resources in rural Michigan and to develop Extension programs to meet their needs. Future activities include focus groups, labor supply analysis, a conference, and perhaps a rural academy to be developed by Michigan State University and its partners.Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Pendelluft in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Measured with Lung Sounds

Objective. The phenomenon of pendelluft was described over five decades ago. In patients with regional variations in resistance and elastance, gas moves at the beginning of inspiration out of some alveoli into others. Gas moves in the opposite direction at the end of inspiration. The objective of this study was to apply the method of lung sounds mapping, which is known to provide regional information about gas flow, to study pendelluft in COPD patients. Methods. A 16-channel lung sound analyzer was used to collect sounds from patients with COPD (n = 90) and age-matched normals (n = 90). Pendelluft at the beginning of inspiration is expected to result in vesicular sounds leading the tracheal sound by a few milliseconds. Pendelluft at the end of inspiration is expected to result in vesicular sounds lagging the tracheal sound. These lead and lag times were calculated for the 14 chest wall sites. Results. The lead time was significantly longer in COPD patients: 123 ± 107 ms versus 48 ± 59 ms in controls (P < 0.0001). The lag time was also significantly longer in COPD patients: 269 ± 249 ms in COPD patients versus 147 ± 124 ms in controls (P < 0.0001). When normalized by the duration of the inspiration at the trachea, the lead was 14 ± 13% for COPD versus 4 ± 5% for controls (P < 0.0001). The lag was 28 ± 25% for COPD versus 13 ± 12% for controls (P < 0.0001). Both lead and lag correlated moderately with the GOLD stage (correlation coefficient 0.43). Conclusion. Increased lead and lag times in COPD patients are consistent with the phenomenon of pendelluft as has been observed by other methods

Crackle Pitch Rises Progressively during Inspiration in Pneumonia, CHF, and IPF Patients

Objective. It is generally accepted that crackles are due to sudden opening of airways and that larger airways produce crackles of lower pitch than smaller airways do. As larger airways are likely to open earlier in inspiration than smaller airways and the reverse is likely to be true in expiration, we studied crackle pitch as a function of crackle timing in inspiration and expiration. Our goal was to see if the measurement of crackle pitch was consistent with this theory. Methods. Patients with a significant number of crackles were examined using a multichannel lung sound analyzer. These patients included 34 with pneumonia, 38 with heart failure, and 28 with interstitial fibrosis. Results. Crackle pitch progressively increased during inspirations in 79% of all patients. In these patients crackle pitch increased by approximately 40 Hz from the early to midinspiration and by another 40 Hz from mid to late-inspiration. In 10% of patients, crackle pitch did not change and in 11% of patients crackle pitch decreased. During expiration crackle pitch progressively decreased in 72% of patients and did not change in 28% of patients. Conclusion. In the majority of patients, we observed progressive crackle pitch increase during inspiration and decrease during expiration. Increased crackle pitch at larger lung volumes is likely a result of recruitment of smaller diameter airways. An alternate explanation is that crackle pitch may be influenced by airway tension that increases at greater lung volume. In any case improved understanding of the mechanism of production of these common lung sounds may help improve our understanding of pathophysiology of these disorders

Non-equilibrium Ionization Modeling of Petschek-type Shocks in Reconnecting Current Sheets in Solar Eruptions

Non-equilibrium ionization (NEI) is essentially required for astrophysical plasma diagnostics once the plasma status departs from ionization equilibrium assumptions. In this work, we perform fast NEI calculations combined with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations and analyze the ionization properties of a Petschek-type magnetic reconnection current sheet during solar eruptions. Our simulation reveals Petschek-type slow-mode shocks in the classical Spitzer thermal conduction models and conduction flux-limitation situations. The results show that under-ionized features can be commonly found in shocked reconnection outflows and thermal halo regions outside the shocks. The departure from equilibrium ionization strongly depends on plasma density. In addition, this departure is sensitive to the observable target temperature: the high-temperature iron ions are strongly affected by NEI effects. The under-ionization also affects the synthetic SDO/AIA intensities, which indicates that the reconstructed hot reconnection current sheet structure may be significantly under-estimated either for temperature or apparent width. We also perform the MHD-NEI analysis on the reconnection current sheet in the classical solar flare geometry. Finally, we show the potential reversal between the under-ionized and over-ionized state at the lower tip of reconnection current sheets where the downward outflow collides with closed magnetic loops, which can strongly affect multiple SDO/AIA band ratios along the reconnection current sheet