The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Picosecond phase shift measurements at 358 MHz using synchrotron radiation

Properties of synchrotron radiation from SPEAR are reviewed. The power--frequency spectrum of source and photomultiplier tube is measured with a spectrum analyzer. The decay time of a single fluorescent species can be deduced by measuring the phase delay between excitation and fluorescence radiation modulated at a single suitable frequency. It is possible to characterize completely the time (impulse) response or the complex frequency response of a linear system with only phase measurements. A number of test experiments were made by using apparatus designed for time-resolved fluorescence emission anisotropy studies of tryptophan in proteins. Phase shifts were produced by insertion of water-filled quartz cells into the beam and by the introduction of a thick glass slab. The total optical path length could also be altered by linear motion of the phototube. The results yielded 4.7 +- 0.5 degrees per cm of motion. It was concluded that this procedure can be used to study short atomic and molecular fluorescence lifetimes. 3 figures. (RWR

Off-Centering of Pb and Sn Impurities in GeTe Induced by Strong Local Stress

The local environment of large Pb and Sn substitutional impurities in GeTe was found to be strongly distorted compared to that in binary PbTe and SnTe compounds. For both impurities the neighboring Te atoms were found at two different distances, the shortest of them being by 0.16-0.17 Å less than that in corresponding binary compound. The off-centering of Pb and Sn impurities is explained by participation of their 6s2 and 5s2 unshared electron pairs in chemical bonding in the condition of strong local stress created by these impurities in the lattice

Report on SRS activities to March 1981

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PREFERRED ORIENTATION IN ERBIUM THIN-FILMS OBSERVED USING SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

This paper describes the use of energy-dispersive diffraction using synchrotron radiation to obtain preliminary measurements of pole figures for a 6099 angstrom erbium film deposited by UHV evaporation on molybdenum substrates. A low glancing angle is used and the pole-figure polar distance is scanned by rotating the sample about the direction of the incident beam. Correction formulae are derived for pole-figure intensity and position in this geometry. Results confirm strong 002 orientation of films deposited at a 673 K substrate temperature (near the middle of zone II for erbium), show that at an ambient substrate temperature (zone I) there is a mixture of 002 and 101 orientations, and demonstrate strong dependence of the 002 orientation direction (for zone II temperatures) on the angle of vapour incidence during deposition

The performance of a 5 metre normal incidence monochromator at the Daresbury Laboratory Synchrotron Radiation Source

Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:6609.025(DL/SCI/P--638E) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo