Antineoplastic Agent: Chemotherapeutic Treatment to Fight against Cancer

A neoplasm or tumor is a abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and continues in the same manner after cessation of the stimuli which have initiated it. A malignant tumor grows rapidly and continuously, and even when it has impoverished its host and source of nutrition, still retains the potentiality for further proliferation. Besides, malignanat tumors invade and destroys neighbouring tissues and possess no effective capsule, a malignant tumors readily ulcerate and tend sooner or later dessiminate and form metastases.Copyright © www.iiste.org Key-Word:- neoplasm, stimuli, malignant tumor, metastases

Microsphere: An Overview

A plastic compound used in some dermal fillers for the correction of wrinkles that are filled with a substance and released as the shell disintegrates Controlled release delivery Biodegradable microspheres are used to control drug release rates thereby decreasing toxic side effects, and eliminating the inconvenience of repeated injections. Microparticulate carrier system can be administered through different routes such as i.v,ocular,i.m,oral,intra arterial.etc.Each routes has it's own biological significance, limitation & pharmaceutical feasibility. Keywords: wrinkles, Biodegradable microspheres, Microparticulate, injections, control drug release.Â

Design and Development of Niosomal Delivery System for Ketoprofen

Niosomes are efficient carriers for controlled drug delivery, to entrap hydrophilic drugs in the larger interior aqueous layer, whereas, lipophilic drugs in the outer lipid bilayers. Since, the niosomes are biodegradable and non toxic and hence, a good carrier for targeting of therapeutic agents at the site of interest with reduced systemic toxicity. The film formation method was used for the preparation of the niosomes due to simplicity, reproducibility and high drug entrapment efficiency. The various ratios of Surfactant (Span 60) Cholesterol and Dicetyl phosphate (DCP) were used for the preparation of the niosomes. The molar ratio of 47.5:47.5:5 was found to be most suitable in terms of niosomal size drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. The average size of niosomes was observed as 4.5 µ m with drug entrapment efficiency of 62.4%. The in vitro drug release study was carried out using dialysis membrane in Phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4) for 24 hrs.  The result showed a cumulative drug release of 98% in 8 hrs. from the free drug, against 92% drug release in 24 hrs. With optimized niosomal formulation. The optimized niosomal formulation showed a sustained action of about 16 hrs was subjected to in vivo studies (anti-inflammatory activity). This formulation was found to be more effective in reducing edema after 2 hrs as compared to the free drug.  Copyright © www.iiste.org Key-word: - Niosomes, biodegradable, film formation method, drug entrapment efficiency, dialysis membrane

A study on wheat grass and its Nutritional value

Wheat Grass refers to the young grass of the common wheat plant, Triticum aestivum that is freshly juiced or dried into powder for animal and human consumption. Both provide chlorophyll, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and enzymes. Wheat grass is a humble weed that is a powerhouse of nutrients and vitamins for the human body. In the form of fresh juice, it has high concentrations of chlorophyll, active enzymes, vitamins and other nutrients. Copyright © www.iiste.org Key-Word: - Wheat Grass, human consumption, Triticum aestivum, enzymes, vitamins, nutrients

Ischaemic Heart Disease: An Overview to Heart Disease

Ischaemic Heart Disease is a condition that affects the supply of blood to the heart. The blood vessels are blocked due to the deposition of cholesterol plaques on their walls. This reduces the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart musculature, which is essential for proper functioning of the heart. This may eventually result in a portion of the heart being suddenly deprived of its blood supply leading to the death of that area of heart tissue, resulting in heart attack. In 1963 the Ministry of Railways carried out a survey with a view to ascertaining the number of deaths due to ischimic heart disease among railway populations in different parts of the country. The method employed was to obtain data from all the railway zones on a proforma based on W.H.O. classification 420, for arteriosclerotic, including coronary heart disease. The epidemiology studies have provided several key points of information related to the risk of developing IHD. First, several specific risk factors for IHD have been identified. Second, evidence that these factors are closely related to environmental and life-style changes implies that risk factors are potentially alterable. Third, these studies have stimulated further consideration and investigation of the basic mechanism of atherosclerosis. Angiographic studies have indicated a direct relationship between the risk factors and the severity of coronary disease. Copyright © www.iiste.org Key-Word:- Ischaemic Heart Disease, oxygen, nutrient, W.H.O. epidemiology

A Review on study of Buccal Drug Delivery System

Buccal drug delivery is a promising area for continued research with the aim of systemic delivery of orally inefficient drugs as well as a feasible and attractive alternative for non-invasive delivery of potent peptide and protein drug molecules. However, the need for safe and effective buccal permeation absorption enhancers is a crucial component for a prospective future in the area of buccal drug delivery. Buccal nitroglycerin, can use for acute therapy for an animal attack as well as for chronic prophylaxis Novel liquid aerosol formulation of insulin Development of suitable delivery devices, permeation enhancement, and Buccal delivery of drugs that undergo a first-pass effect, such as cardiovascular drugs, analgesics, and peptides Research yield some successes Promote further research; more companies Rest depend on delivery technolog

Niosome: The Magic Bullet

Target oriented drug delivery systems are the areas of the major interest in the modern pharmaceutical research. The selective drug delivery to the target tissues increases the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and reduces its undesirable effect to non target tissues.The concept of drug targeting or site specific drug delivery was introduced first time by Paul Elrich in 1909, when he reported magic bullet to deliver a drug to the desired site of action without affecting the non target organs or tissues (Juliano, 1980) by associating the drug with a pharmacologically “inactive carrier capable of conveying the drug selectively towards its target cells. Niosomes or nonionic surfactant vesicles are microscopic lamellar structures formed on admixture of nonionic surfactant of the alkyl or dialkyl polyglycerol ether class and cholesterol with subsequent hydration in aqueous media. In niosomes, the vesicles forming amphiphile is a nonionic surfactant such as span 60 which is usually stabilized by addition of cholesterol and small amount of anionic surfactant such as dicetyl phosphate. Niosomes can entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, either in aqueous layer or in vesicular membrane made of lipid materials. It is reported to attain better stability than liposomes. It can prolong the circulation of the entrapped drugs. Because of the presence of nonionic surfactant with the lipid, there is better targeting of drugs to tumour, liver and brain. It may prove very useful for targeting the drug for treating cancers, parasitic, viral and other microbial disease more effectively. Key-Words: magic bullet, Target oriented drug delivery systems, inactive carrier, Niosome, site specific drug delivery, liposomes, cancers

Niosome: A Novel Drug Delivery System

The concept of drug targeting or site specific drug delivery was introduced first time by Paul Elrich in 1909, when he reported magic bullet to deliver a drug to the desired site of action without affecting the non target organs or tissues (Juliano, 1980) by associating the drug with a pharmacologically inactive carrier capable of conveying the drug selectively towards its target cells. The main goal of a site specific drug delivery system is not only to increase the selectivity and drug therapeutic index, but also to reduce the toxicity of the drug