Ecological Studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Ecological studies on the Nepenthes species at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia were conducted between August 2005 and September 2006. Surveys and two small plot inventories were used to determine the diversity and population of Nepenthes at the study site. We found eight Nepenthes species around the BaritoUlu study area: N. albomarginata, N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. hirsuta, N. rafflesiana, N. reinwardtiana, N. stenophylla, and N. hispida. Plot A was dominated by N. rafflesiana with one other species found; whilst in plot B we found five species but it was also dominated by N. rafflesiana. In plot A, the one year stem length growth rate of N. albomarginata was faster than N. rafflesiana (5.0 and 3.5 cm respectively). While in plot B, N. gracilis (21.7 cm) and N. reinwardtiana (13.1 cm) showed faster growth rates than N. albomarginata (5.2 cm), N. rafflesiana (7.0 cm) and N. stenophylla (8.5 cm). Generally, the habitat of Nepenthes in the study site is heath forest

Using Particle Swarm Optimization for Power System Stabilizer and energy storage in the SMIB system under load shedding conditions

Generator instability, which manifests as oscillations in frequency and rotor angle, is brought on by sudden disruptions in the power supply. Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Energy Storage are additional controllers that enhance generator stability. Energy storage types include superconducting magnetic (SMES) and capacitive (CES) storage. If the correct settings are employed, PSS, SMES, and CES coordination can boost system performance. It is necessary to use accurate and effective PSS, SMES, and CES tuning techniques. Artificial intelligence techniques can replace traditional trial-and-error tuning techniques and assist in adjusting controller parameters. According to this study, the PSS, SMES, and CES parameters can be optimized using a method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). Based on the investigation's findings, PSO executes quick and accurate calculations in the fifth iteration with a fitness function value of 0.007813. The PSO aims to reduce the integral time absolute error (ITAE). With the addition of a load-shedding instance, the case study utilized the Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) technology. The frequency response and rotor angle of the SMIB system are shown via time domain simulation. The analysis's findings demonstrate that the controller combination can offer stability, reducing overshoot oscillations and enabling quick settling times.

EFFECT ON REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT (Studies in Budget 2005-2009)

AbstractAPBN is the budget of country every period that describes government’s capability and authority conducting the function of administration to reach the purpose of country.The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of revenue toward economy growth, the effect of expense toward economy growth, the effect of revenue toward poverty, the effect of expense toward poverty and the effect of revenue toward unemployment, the effect of expense toward unemployment. Sample of this research is APBN and realization of APBN from 2005 up to 2009. The same year also prevails for the level of economy growth, poverty, and unemployment. The period of this research is 2005-2009. The method applied in this study is the simple linier regression analysis by using SPSS program 17.0 version for windows. The result of this research shows that revenue does not have significant effect toward economy growth, expense does not have significant effect toward economy growth, revenue has significant effect toward poverty, expense has significant effect toward poverty, revenue does not have significant effect toward unemployment, and expense does not have significant effect toward unemployment.Keywords : revenue, expense, economic growth, poverty, unemploymentAbstrakAPBN adalah anggaran negara setiap periode yang menggambarkan kemampuan pemerintah dan otoritas pelaksana fungsi pemerintahan untuk mencapai tujuan negara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh pendapatan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, efek beban terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengaruh pendapatan terhadap kemiskinan, pengaruh beban terhadap kemiskinan dan pengaruh pendapatan terhadap pengangguran, pengaruh beban terhadap pengangguran. Sampel penelitian ini adalah APBN dan realisasi APBN tahun 2005 sampai 2009. Pada tahun yang sama juga berlaku untuk tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi, kemiskinan, dan pengangguran. Periode penelitian ini adalah 2005-2009. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linier sederhana dengan menggunakan program SPSS versi 17,0 for windows. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, beban tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendapatan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kemiskinan, beban berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kemiskinan, pendapatan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengangguran, dan biaya tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengangguran.Kata kunci: pendapatan, pengeluaran, pertumbuhan ekonomi, kemiskinan, penganggura

Fitososiologi Hutan Di Sebagian Kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Buton Utara, Sulawesi Tenggara

The degradation rate of forest in the recent 5 years increases rapidly,particulartly in Sulawesi. The biggest damaged comes from the human impact,which spreads to the conservation area. As a result, the areais decreased,whereas its function and its potency have not been explored. The ecologicalresearch has been conducted in Soloi forest, Suaka Margasatwa Buton Utara inMay 2003. The objectives of this work are to study the condition, which belongto. 75 general and 35 families with density of trees are 277 individual (stemdiameter > 10 cm ), and 1140 sampling ( 2-9,9 cm stem diameter ). The foresttype is low land primary forest, which dominated by Casearia rugulosa,Diospyros pilosanthere, Cleistanthus myriantus, Canarium hirsutum, andDrypetes longifolia. In the forest structure, trees with 10-20 cm stem diameter isin the first rankwith the total number 57,02%, then followed by the trees with 20-30 cm diameter (20,22%). In general, the forest condition in research site isgood, although a few areas are damaged due to illegal loging

Tinjauan Ulang (Review) Tinjauan Tentang Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) Di Indonesia [a Review of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Indonesia]

Nepenthes spp. (pitcher plants) are carnivorous plants, because it can trapping and digesting insects and other small animals in their pitcher as their food. In 1996, there were 80 species noted in the world. Nowadays, the number has increased up to 139 species and 68 species(48.9%) of whom live and grow on various islands in Indonesia, such as Sumatra (34 species), Kalimantan (22 species), Java (3 species), Sulawesi (11 species), Maluku (3 species) and Papua (11 species). Herbarium Bogoriense-Research Center for Biology-The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), as the central storage plant specimens in Indonesia, currently holds 2135 sheets of 72 species of Nepenthes are collected from various islands in Indonesia and from other countries. This paper will review the current number of Nepenthes and its distribution in various islands in Indonesia

Nepenthes Gymnamphora Nees. Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Dan Penyebarannya Di Indonesia*[nepenthes Gymnamphora Nees. in Gunung Halimun National Park and Their Distribution in Indonesia]

The preliminary study of Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees. was carried out on May 2001 in Halimun Mountain National Park. West Java by survei method and direct observation in its original habitat. Some samples were collected for morphological study, taxonomical identification and specimen collections for Herbarium Bogoricnse, Bogor. N. gymnamphora founded on summit of Mt. Kendeng (1020 m asl) and Wales area in Bogor-Sukabumi border (1120 m asl). Habitat, morphology, conservation and their distribution in Indonesia is explained

Laju Penyerapan Co2 Pada Kantong Semar (Nepenthes Gymnamphora Nees) Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-salak, Jawa Barat

Study of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the pitcher plant (Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees.) was conducted in the Halimun-Salak Mountain National Park, Resort Cidahu, West Java, on June 2011. Fifteen individuals N. gymnamphora selected as the sample measurements, each individual measured young leaves and old leaves. The rate of CO2 sequestration and other physiological parameters measured with a portable LCi ADC Bioscientific Ltd.,Photosynthesis System, leaf chlorophyll content with a Chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 type (Minolta), the light intensity with Digital Light Meter Der EE DE-3351, air temperature and humidity with a Digital Thermohygrometer AS ONE TH-321, soil pH and moisture with a Soil Tester. Results that, the CO2 sequestration rate of N. gymnamphora thelowest is 2.44 μmol/m2/s and highest is 29.12 μmol/m2/s with average 11.07 μmol/ m2/s at light radiation on the leaf surface (Qleaf) average 1074 μmol/m2/s. The daily of photosynthesis is known that the rate of photosynthesis of N. gymnamphora, optimum occurred at 10:00 am and lowest at 14:00 noon

Potensi Serapan Co 2 Pada Beberapa Jenis Pohon Tumbuh Cepat Di Hutan Rawa Gambut Hampangen, Kalimantan Tengah

Studi potensi serapan Karbondioksida (CO2) pada beberapa jenis pohon tumbuh cepat dilakukandi hutan rawa gambut, Hampangen, Kalimantan Tengah, pada bulan September, 2012. Sebanyakdelapan belas individu dari enam jenis pohon dipilih sebagai sampel pengukuran. Setiap individudiukur daun muda dan daun tua. Laju serapan CO2 dan parameter fisiologi lainnya diukur denganalat portable Lci ADC Bioscientific Ltd. Photosynthesis system, kandungan khlorofil daun denganalat Chlorophyll meter tipe SPAD-502 merk Minolta, Intensitas cahaya dengan alat Lux meter,suhu dan kelembaban udara dengan alat hygrometer digital, pH dan kelembaban tanah denganmenggunakan soil tester. Hasil penelitian dapat dilaporkan bahwa, Nilai laju penyerapan CO2bervariasi di antara individu satu dengan individu lainnya, demikian pula di antara jenis tumbuhanyang diukur, yakni terendah 4,49 µmol/m2/s dan tertinggi 34,11 µmol/m2/s. Jenis Horsfieldiacrassifolia memiliki kemampuan penyerapan CO2 rata-rata sebesar 23,05 µmol/m2/s, lebih tinggidaripada Combretocarpus rotundatus (14,03 µmol/m2/s), Cratoxylum glaucum (11,96 µmol/m2/s),Camnosperma auriculatum (10,86 µmol/m2/s) dan Alstonia angustifolia (10,69 µmol/m2/s). Namundemikian kelima jenis tersebut masih memiliki tingkat laju penyerapan CO2 lebih tinggi dibandingkanjenis Garcinia rigida yang diprediksi tumbuh lambat, yaitu sebesar 7,50 µmol/m2/s