Tobacco use preventional interventions among Iranian adolescents: A review study

Background and Aims: Considering the increasing trend of tobacco usage among adolescents, effective interventions are necessary for smoking prevention in this group. We, therefore, decided to investigate the status of preventive interventions on tobacco usage among Iranian adolescents, especially the theory/model-based interventions.Meanwhile, the authors surveyed among other related studies, and categorized them in terms of effect/no effect.Materials and Methods: A literature review was performed. We selected studies to include in our analyses via a search of Scientific Information Database-SID and google scholar (as a supporter motor researcher) on November of 2017, using the keywords “Tobacco, Smoking, Hookahs” in the title and abstract of all published articles. After removing repetitive and unrelated cases, the full text of a series of articles on the prevention of tobacco in adolescentswas reviewed and the results were presented in terms of the phrases and tables.Results: Out of 1078 extracted articles, 14 papers were finally evaluated. The interventions were divided into twomain categories. Totally, in 9 studies, health education models and theories were the basis for intervention, and otherapproaches had been used in the remaining five studies.Conclusion: In spite of the influence of both types of interventions, model/theoretic interventions have been usedmore than other interventions in smoking prevention, which could be due to the more favorable and clearer effects of these interventions in changing the various behaviors of the health sector.Keywords: tobacco, preventional intervention, adolescent, review stud

Evaluation of Speech and Language Features of Children Born after Assisted Reproductive Techniques

Objective: To evaluate some speech and language features of children born after assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Materials & Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, fifty children between 0– 49 months were selected simply and conveniently by consecutive method and evaluated via interview with their parents and clinical observation, by a speech and language pathologist. A questionnaire was completed after parent interview. The ELM–2 (Early Language Milestone Scale–2), MLU (Mean Length Utterance) test and POSP (Paediatric Oral Skill Pakage) were employed. Data were analyzed by Independent T Test, Mann–Whitney Test, Chi Square and Kolmogorov Smirnov Test. Results: 33 children (66%) were born through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) , and the reminder through invitro fertilization (IVF) or intrauterine insemination (IUI). Mean Length Utterance (MLU) was 3.3 words. 8% of these children had some structural anomalies in speech organs and 6% of them showed speech organs dysfunction. There was no gender priority in MLU (P=0.069), cooing (P=0.125), number of words (P=0.079) and structure and function of speech organs (P=0.327). There was significant difference between boys and girls in lalling (P=0.026). Conclusion: Speech and language of children born after assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are normal but more comprehensive studies are needed

مداخلات پیشگیرانه در خصوص مصرف دخانیات توسط نوجوانان ایرانی: یک مطالعه مروری

Background and Aims: Considering the increasing trend of tobacco usage among adolescents, effective interventions are necessary for smoking prevention in this group. We, therefore, decided to investigate the status of preventive interventions on tobacco usage among Iranian adolescents, especially the theory/model-based interventions. Meanwhile, the authors surveyed among other related studies, and categorized them in terms of effect/no effect.Materials and Methods: A literature review was performed. We selected studies to include in our analyses via a search of Scientific Information Database-SID and google scholar (as a supporter motor researcher) on November of 2017, using the keywords “Tobacco, Smoking, Hookahs” in the title and abstract of all published articles. After removing repetitive and unrelated cases, the full text of a series of articles on the prevention of tobacco in adolescentswas reviewed and the results were presented in terms of the phrases and tables.Results: Out of 1078 extracted articles, 14 papers were finally evaluated. The interventions were divided into two main categories. Totally, in 9 studies, health education models and theories were the basis for intervention, and otherapproaches had been used in the remaining five studies.Conclusion: In spite of the influence of both types of interventions, model/theoretic interventions have been used more than other interventions in smoking prevention, which could be due to the more favorable and clearer effects of these interventions in changing the various behaviors of the health sector.زمینه و اهداف: با توجه به روند رو به رشد مصرف دخانیات در میان نوجوانان، انجام مداخلات موثر برای پیشگیری از مصرف دخانیات در این گروه ضروری است. لذا در این پژوهش، ضمن بررسی وضعیت مداخلات پیشگیرانه در خصوص مصرف دخانیات در بین نوجوانان ایرانی به ویژه مداخلات نظریه/الگومحور، در میان دیگر مطالعات ذی‌ربط نیز بررسی و احصاء نموده و از نظر تاثیر/عدم تاثیر دسته بندی نمایند.    مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش یک مطالعه مروری در ادبیات پژوهشی بود. کلید واژه‌های مورد نظر در این مطالعه شامل "دخانیات، سیگار، قلیان" در عنوان و چکیده کلیه مقالات چاپ شده تا آبان ماه سال 1396 در پایگاه اطلاعات علمی جهاد دانشگاهی (SID) و Google scholar (به عنوان جستجوگر تکمیلی) بودند. پس از حذف موارد تکراری و بدون ارتباط از میان مقالات استخراج شده، متن کامل مقالات منتخب نهایی با موضوعیت مداخلات پیشگیرانه از مصرف دخانیات در نوجوانان، بررسی و نتایج حاصله در عبارات و جداول دسته بندی شدند. یافته‌ها: از میان 1078 مقاله استخراج شده، در نهایت تعداد 14 مقاله مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. مداخلات انجام شده به دو دسته عمده تقسیم شدند. در مجموع در 9 مطالعه، الگوها و نظریه‌های آموزش بهداشت مبنای مداخله بودند و در 5 مطالعه دیگر، از رویکردهای دیگری استفاده شده بود. نتیجه‌گیری: به رغم تاثیرگذاری هر دو نوع مداخله، مداخلات الگو/نظریه محور بیش از دیگر مداخلات در پیشگیری از مصرف دخانیات مورد استفاده قرار گرفته اند و این امر می‌تواند به دلیل تاثیرگذاری مطلوبتر و روشنتر این نوع مداخلات در تغییر رفتارهای گوناگون حوزه سلامت باشد