The Effect of the Addition of Ginger (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb) to Feed to Total Erythrocytes, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin and Growth of Catfish (Mystus Nemurus)

This research was done in March - April 2014 in Fish Disease Parasite and Laboratories and an Experiment of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science University of Riau. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of the addition of curcuma on feed to the total of erythrocytes , hematocrit , hemoglobin and the growth of catfish. A research method used is the design of random complete with one factor which feed containing curcuma with four standard treatment consists of , P0: control without given ) curcuma solution , the P1 ( curcuma solution with a dose of 2 g/kilogram feed ) , the P2 ( curcuma solution with a dose of 4 g/kilogram feed ) , the P3 ( curcuma solution with a dose of 6 g/kilogram feed ). The results of research shows that the addition of a solution on feed curcuma doesn't impact the condition of fish blood because of poor environmental conditions. It can increase the growth of absolute weight catfish .The total erythrocytes is ranged between 1,25-1,91 mm3/ million cells , hematocrit 13,8-18,5 % and the percentage of hemoglobin 3,9-4,2 g/dL

Histology of Liver and Kidney of Mystus Nemurus That Immersed with Curcuma Xanthorrhiza, ROXB Extract

This research was carried out in November 2013 until January 2014 in the laboratory of Fish Diseases and Parasites, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Riau University Pekanbaru. The purpose of this research was to understand the histological structure of liver and kidney of Mystus nemurus that is immersed with Curcuma xanthorrhiza ROXB extract. The method used in this study was experimental and the histologycal structure of the fish will be analyzed descriptively. The treated fish were immerse in 3 different concentration of Curcuma xanthorrhiza ROXB extract, they were (P1 (0.2 g/L), P2 (0.4 g/L, P3 (0.6 g/L). for five minutes/ day for 30 days period. The negative control were fishes that were not treated with Curcuma xanthorrhiza ROXB extract. The liver showed hemorhage, fatty degenerative and necrosis. The kidney showed necrosis and hemorhage. It was concluded that immersion of fish in Curcuma xanthorrhiza ROXB extract shown histologycal alterations in the tissue of Mystus nemurus

The role of surface roughness and slide-roll ratio in the decomposition of MoDTC in tribological contacts

In this study, the role of surface roughness and slide-roll ratio in the decomposition and friction performance of molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) has been investigated. Tribotests were carried out in a MiniTraction Machine (MTM) using steel discs of varying roughness rubbing against smooth steel balls in a sliding/rolling contact. Tests were conducted at slide-roll ratio (SRR) values of SRR=100% and 200%. Raman spectroscopy was used to perform chemical characterisation on the resulting wear scars. The friction performance of rough discs was not affected by the slide-roll ratio. On the other hand, increasing the slide-roll ratio from 100% to 200% in tests with smooth discs resulted in higher friction with large instabilities. Raman analysis showed significant differences in chemical composition of the wear scars generated after tests with smooth and rough discs. Wear scars generated using rough discs were mainly composed of MoS2 indicating complete MoDTC decomposition while those generated using smooth discs were composed of a mixture of MoS2, MoSx (x>2) and FeMoO4 indicating partial MoDTC decomposition. Numerical simulation of the contact revealed that under similar loading conditions rough surfaces have higher local pressures than smoother surfaces. It is proposed that higher local pressures in rough surfaces promoted complete MoDTC decomposition. The novel finding from results presented in this study is that at similar temperature and MoDTC concentration, the degradation of MoDTC within tribocontacts is highly dependent on the roughness of the tribopair. This is because surface roughness determines the local pressure at the asperity asperity contact

Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate Additive Adsorption on Carbon Black Particles

Soot is known to cause high wear in engine components and this is a problem with engine oils between extended drain intervals. Although several wear mechanisms have been suggested, exact soot-induced wear mechanisms are still not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the additive adsorption mechanism (specifically anti-wear additive) on carbon black (CB) particles (as a soot surrogate). This mechanism is one of the main mechanisms responsible for high wear. Base oil (BO) was used to exclude the effect of other additives that are present in fully formulated oil. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) anti-wear additive was added to the BO and then the mixture, which will be referred to as the model oil, was aged with CB particles. The resulting oils were then chemically characterised by using ICP and FTIR analysis techniques. Finally, the CB particles were filtered out and analysed using EDX. The results showed that both zinc and phosphorous which are chemical elements from ZDDP anti-wear additive were adsorbed on CB particles in the oil phase. This additive adsorption mechanism can lead to increased wear in the engine components due to lack of additives in the oil. This study highlights the importance of understanding the additive adsorption on soot particles since this mechanism will reduce the engine oil life and increase frequency of oil changes

An in-situ synchrotron XAS methodology for surface analysis under high temperature, pressure and shear

The complex tribochemical nature of lubricated tribological contacts is inaccessible in real time without altering their initial state. To overcome this issue, a new design of a pin-on-disc tribological apparatus was developed and combined with synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Using the designed apparatus, it is possible to study in situ the transient decomposition reactions of various oil additives on different surfaces under a wide range of realistic operating conditions of contact pressure (1.0–3.0 GPa), temperature (25–120 °C), and sliding speed (30–3000 rpm or 0.15–15 m/s). To test the apparatus, several tribological tests were performed at different shearing times ranging from 2.5 to 60 min. These tests were carried out under helium atmosphere at a temperature of 80  °C, contact pressure of 2.2 GPa, and sliding speed of 50 rpm. The XAS experiments indicate that the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate antiwear additive decomposes in the oil to form a tribofilm on the iron surface at different reaction kinetics from the ones of the thermal film. The tribofilm composition evolves much faster than the one of the thermal film, which confirms that the formation of the tribofilm is a thermally activated process similar to the one of the thermal film but accelerated by shear. Furthermore, the results indicate that the sulfur of the formed film, whether a tribofilm or a thermal film, appears initially in the form of sulfate, with some sulfide, which under heat or shear is reduced into mainly sulfide

Corrosive-Abrasive Wear Induced by Soot in Boundary Lubrication Regime

Soot is known to induce high wear in engine components. The mechanism by which soot induces wear is not well understood. Although several mechanisms have been suggested, there is still no consensus. This study aims to investigate the most likely mechanism responsible for soot-induced wear in the boundary lubrication regime. Results from this study have shown that previously suggested mechanisms such as abrasion and additive adsorption do not fully explain the high wear observed when soot is present. Based on the results obtained from tests conducted at varying temperature and soot levels, it has been proven that the corrosive–abrasive mechanism was responsible for high wear that occurred in boundary lubrication conditions

A network meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for refugees and asylum seekers with PTSD

Introduction Refugees and asylum seekers are vulnerable to common mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Using a network meta-analysis (NMA) approach, the present systematic review compared and ranked psychosocial interventions for the treatment of PTSD in adult refugees and asylum seekers. Methods Randomised studies of psychosocial interventions for adult refugees and asylum seekers with PTSD were systematically identified. PTSD symptoms at postintervention was the primary outcome. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and ORs were pooled using pairwise and NMA. Study quality was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) tool, and certainty of evidence was assessed through the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis application. Results A total of 23 studies with 2308 participants were included. Sixteen studies were conducted in high-income countries, and seven in low-income or middle-income countries. Most studies were at low risk of bias according to the Cochrane RoB tool. NMA on PTSD symptoms showed that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (SMD=-1.41; 95% CI -2.43 to -0.38) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) (SMD=-1.30; 95% CI -2.40 to -0.20) were significantly more effective than waitlist (WL). CBT was also associated with a higher decrease in PTSD symptoms than treatment as usual (TAU) (SMD -1.51; 95% CI -2.67 to -0.36). For all other interventions, the difference with WL and TAU was not significant. CBT and EMDR ranked best according to the mean surface under the cumulative ranking. Regarding acceptability, no intervention had less dropouts than inactive interventions. Conclusion CBT and EMDR appeared to have the greatest effects in reducing PTSD symptoms in asylum seekers and refugees. This evidence should be considered in guidelines and implementation packages to facilitate dissemination and uptake in refugee settings

UV-B radiation alters interactions between photosynthesis and secondary metabolism in variegated Plectranthus coleoides

This study is based on the results obtained from the experiments conducted within two Short Term Science Missions (STSMs) in the Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München during 2011 and 2012. Our aim was to investigate the effects of realistic UV-B doses on photosynthesis and secondary metabolism in variegated leaves. Variegated Plectranthus coleoides plants were exposed to UV-B radiation (0.90 W m-2) under two photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) intensities (LL: 395 and HL: 1350 μmol m-2 s-1) for nine days in the sun simulators at the Helmholtz Zentrum München. In the green leaf portions, UV-B radiation stimulated photosynthetic rates in P. coleoides at both PAR intensities and doubled the size of plastoglobuli whereas the contents of photosynthetic pigments were slightly increased at HL. The concentrations of phenylpropanoids, catechins and hydroxybenzoic acids, were preferentially accumulated in green leaf portions, independently on radiation regimes. A hallmark of UV-B induced changes in plant metabolism, the induction of flavonoid pathway, was evidenced in P. coleoides by accumulation of apigenin and cyanidin glycosides in the whole leaf at both background PARs. UV-B induced accumulation of apigenin and cyanidin glycosides was more pronounced in the white leaf portions, compared to green one. Moreover, we observed differential response of H2O2 scavenging system to high PAR and UV-B in relation to tissue type. Alteration of linear electron flow, provoked by acclimation to UV-B at HL was associated with decreased ascorbate redox state and APX activity. In summary, UV-B radiation stimulated CO2 assimilation and increased fixed carbon flow into photosynthetic pigments, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids/anthocyanins which might be important for photoprotection of photosynthetic machinery under high light intensity.Abstracts of the Final Netwotk Meeting of COST Action FA0906 UV4growth - Bled, Slovenia, 30 March - 2 April 2014

Tribochemistry evolution of DDP tribofilms over time using in-situ synchrotron XAS

Ashless dialkyldithiophosphate (DDP) antiwear additives are good candidates to replace the widely used metallic DDPs such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), which are less environmentally friendly. A newly designed in-situ tribological rig was utilised to perform in-situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in order to examine the decomposition reactions of two types of DDPs; acidic and neutral. The tribological experiments showed that the two DDP additives decomposed to form protective tribofilms on the steel surface, which provided better antiwear protection than ZDDP regardless of the tribofilm thickness. The neutral DDP formed a thinner tribofilm (about 33 nm) than ZDDP (about 41 nm), whereas the tribofilm of the acidic DDP had a much lower thickness (<7 nm) but more superior antiwear protection. The two DDPs also provided lower friction coefficient (<0.1) than the 0.12 provided by ZDDP. The XAS experiments suggest that the DDPs decompose to form initially iron sulphate, which is quickly reduced to sulphide before forming the phosphate layers of the protective tribofilm. These layers consisted initially of iron phosphate of short chains but as rubbing continued organic phosphate with long chains started to form

Comparative analysis of slot dimension in lingual bracket systems

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