Interest rates on farm loans

Interest rates ; Bank loans

Une approche géographique du « travail » des enfants des rues

Cet article propose de décrire le quotidien des enfants des rues de Yaoundé (Cameroun) et d’Antananarivo (Madagascar) en mettant l’accent sur les activités générant des revenus. Quels espaces de travail émergent au sein de la ville, suivant quelles logiques? Ce questionnement nous permet de dessiner les contours, incertains, de l’univers de la rue. Il ouvre aussi la réflexion sur le devenir des enfants et leur capacité à s’insérer au sein de la société urbain. Nous prenons en compte les actions de l’Etat, des ONG et les représentations des habitants.(Cameroon) and Antananarivo (Madagascar), with special focus on the activities which generate money. Which working spaces do exist in the city, according to which logics? This questioning allows us to draw the hesitant limits of the street universe. We open up the reflection about the children’ destiny and their capacity to integrate the urban society. We take into account the actions of the State and of the NGO and the representations from city dwellers

L'architecture indo-musulmane émergence -VIIIe-XVIe siècles

International audienceLe monde indien regorge de plusieurs centaines de monuments historiques, vestiges des glorieuses cultures du passé. Nous tenterons d'examiner quelques spécificités de l'architecture indo-musulmane à travers les dates clés de l'implantation de l'Islam en Inde et au Pakistan, du Sind au Deccan

Live Versus Virtual: Cost Benefit Analysis for Applying Simulation Towards Army Aviator Flight Minimums

The Longbow Crew Trainer (LCT) is a cost effective, safe alternative to live training in the AH-64D/E Apache helicopter. Current Army doctrine and regulations have provisions for the limited use of simulator in lieu of aircraft hours toward semiannual minimum flight hour requirements. With the defense budget in decline, the Army must find innovative, cost effective methods to conduct realistic, relevant training to sustain proficiency in their warfighting capabilities. The LCT fully replicates the cockpit environment through training scenarios for requisite crew tasks and missions in a realistic, modular, and transportable solution. An attack helicopter crew can safely train in customizable scenarios ranging from basic aviation tasks to crew-level missions and gunneries. The Army is currently aligning one LCT per attack battalion under the Aviation Restructure Initiative. There are 20 Armed Reconnaissance Battalions/Squadrons in the active component with approximately 35 aircrews per battalion. The premise of this study was to review cost benefits of training in a virtual environment over a live environment while exploring the effects on proficiency. The difference in cost per hour between an AH-64D and the LCT is approximately $3,998. Using this figure and the semiannual flight hour requirements from the current Aircrew Training Manual in a weighted average between Flight Activity Category (FAC) 1 and FAC 2 pilot\u27s flight minimum requirements formed the basis for four models: Low, Status Quo (baseline), Moderate, and High Virtual Simulation Models. This study found that while the High Virtual Simulation Model resulted in the greatest cost savings, the current budget and previous literature does not require such drastic measures. The Low Virtual Simulation Model resulted in higher costs. Therefore, the Moderate Virtual Simulation Model, proved most relevant to budget analysts, aviation unit commanders, and pilots by decreasing annual costs by an estimated$76.2 million without degrading proficiency

The Castle of Kantara -a key to the evolution of active defence in the 13th century between the Eastern and the Western Worlds

International audienceThe Castle of Kantara, a key to the evolution of active defence in the 13th century between the Eastern and the Western Worlds 1 Nicolas Morelle Abstract : Set on a rocky outcrop, this fortress in Cyprus has stood the test of centuries facing the sea and the Mesaoria plain. Despite being abandoned in the 16th century, it still remains a well preserved castle in Cyprus. Today, it serves as an attraction to a few tourists, almost deflecting attention from the political conflict that has divided the island since 1974. (fig. 1) This island in the eastern Mediterranean, off the coasts of Levant and Anatolia was successively in the hands of Romans, then the Arabs and the Byzantines, until the Latins took over in the Middle-Ages. It helps us to develop the discussion on the military evolution that took place between the Ancient period and the present. Geographically, the island is well placed so as to be at the heart of the political, economic and military history of the Mediter-ranean, between the Oriental and the Occidental worlds. It can be seen that the control of Cyprus was important to powerful empires for strategic reasons. The study of Cypriot fortification therefore requires a knowledge and comparative analysis of all the fortified networks along the Mediterranean coasts. This would help define the cultural melting point of technical exchanges and trace the evolution of the art of warfare (poliorcetics) and military architecture during the Middle-Ages in the Mediterranean belt (fig. 2).Through the study of the system of Cypriot fortification, we shall deal with the notions of frontier lines and coastal fortification, compared to Rhodes and Byzantine frontiers

L'approvisionnement en eau dans les forts du Deccan en Inde : le cas de Naldurg (xiv e -xvii e siècle)

International audienceL'introduction des techniques d'adduction d'eau dans les forts du Deccan suite aux conquêtes des dynasties turques du Nord de l'Inde et avec l'influence iranienne ont permis de faire de l'eau un atout primordial dans la guerre. Avec l'évolution des techniques d'adduction et de conservation sous plusieurs formes (d'abord par la création de lacs et de bassins, mais aussi par des puits, qanats, barrages, tours d'eau, baolis, tuyaux…) les élites peuvent développer des réseaux fortifiés plus denses et y apporter des jardins d'agréments et des palais d'eau. Ces techniques serviront par la suite le domaine de l'agriculture en nourrissant les terres fertiles du Deccan. À travers l'exemple du fort de frontière de Naldurg au Maharashtra, nous verrons quelles ont été les réponses données par l'aménageur pour répondre aux besoins importants en eau de ce fort de garnison situé sur les bords de la rivière Bhima, barrée à l'occasion par un barrage unique en Inde

Little-Parks effect in a superconducting loop with magnetic dot

We have studied the nucleation of superconductivity in a mesoscopic Al loop, enclosing magnetic dot with perpendicular magnetization. The superconducting phase boundary Tc(B), determined from transport measurements, is asymmetric with respect to the polarity of an applied magnetic field. The maximum critical temperature has been found for a finite applied magnetic field, which is antiparallel to the magnetization of the dot. Theoretical phase boundary shows a good agreement with the experimental data.Comment: to be published in Phys. Rev. B - Brief Report